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WinXSPRO, A Channel Cross Section Analyzer, User`s Manual

1. Rearranging equation 3 in order to solve for the mean cross section velocity V R V 5 62 eRS log 2 gRS d 0314 a122 s1386 Applying the continuity equation Q VA 13 96 1 926 V 5 62 82 21 9263 0 00 ol 3 5 0 984 3 95 ftls Q 3 950 80 316 cfs WinXSPRO calculated a discharge of 315 81 cfs Since the discharge calculated by the hand computations is within roundoff error 0 5 error of the discharge calculated by WinXSPRO the result is verified Example Problems 65 5 3 Example Problem 3 Using the cross section data from the file SAMPLE SEC supplied on the WinXSPRO disks determine the total discharge of the channel at a stage of 7 feet by the Manning s equation flow resistance approach The Manning s n values are given in the Table 5 1 and correspond to Figure 5 11 Section boundaries are at 16 72 and 94 feet C L_ Flow High Stage Low Stage Section Boundary 1 Section Boundary 2 Section Boundary 3 Section Boundary 4 i nm 2 Stage f fy a gt 10 0 0 0 10 0 20 0 30 0 40 0 50 0 60 0 70 0 80 0 90 0 100 0 110 0 Horizontal Position ft Figure 5 11 Example Problem 3 definition sketch Table 5 1 Example Problem 3 region and stage data 0 080 Use a constant slope of 0 005 for all regions and produce results in increments of 1 foot Use the Hydraulics and Re
2. BED LOAD Material moving on or near the stream bed by rolling sliding and sometimes making brief excursions into the flow a few diameters above the bed i e jumping The term saltation is sometimes used in place of jumping Bed load is bed material that moves in continuous contact with the bed contrast with SUSPENDED LOAD BED LOAD MATERIAL The sediment mixture of which the moving bed is composed In alluvial streams bed material particles are likely to be moved at any moment or during some future flow condition Bed material consists of both bed load and suspended load Contrast with WASH LOAD BOULDERS See Table C 1 BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS The roughness of the bed and banks of a stream or river The greater the roughness the greater the frictional resistance to flows and hence the greater the water surface elevation for any given discharge CHANNEL A natural or artificial waterway that periodically or continuously contains moving water 80 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 eS En CHANNEL STABILIZATION A stable channel is neither progressively aggrading nor degrading or changing its cross sectional area through time It could aggrade or degrade slightly but over the period of a year the channel would remain similar in shape and dimensions and position to previous times Unstable channels are depositing or eroding in response to some exterior conditions Stabilization techniques consist of bank protection and other measures that work
3. Sediment discharges for flows less than the minimum on the sediment rating curve will be set to zero in the output file 21 Some discharges are higher than the computed range Bed load discharge for these points is set to the maximum value computed Sediment discharges for flows greater tan the maximum on the sediment rating curve will be set to the maximum sediment discharge value in the output file 22 There is no option selected Implementation cancel There is no option selected in the Modify Discharge Select a Discharge option before proceeding 23 There is no entry for discharge modification s parameter field One or both Modify Discharge Window s field Discharge File or New Discharge File is are empty 88 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 24 Discharge input file invalid or The name or path of the input file is invalid does not exist Please check the Check the path and file name and make sure path and file name the file exists 25 There is no entry for the new Enter a new discharge file name to which the discharge file modified discharges will be written 26 File X exists Overwrite Requires user to confirm overwriting an existing file e g data editor output file 27 Invalid file name for the Input The name or path of the input file is invalid File Please check the file name Check the path and file name and make sure th
4. 30 Stage f 50 0 0 5 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 0 40 0 45 0 50 0 55 0 Horizontal Position ft EXAMPLE_1 Stage amp Section Input Data is in FEET oe izl x m Stages and Slopes Low Stage Slope ft ff Stage Inc High Stage Slope ft ft m Section Boundaries l Input Data is in FEET For Help press Help button Figure 5 5 WinXSPRO cross section plot and stage and section input form 58 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Dislea lef S acl eine z 14 010 0 158 a Ca z ross Section High Stage Low Stage Section Boundary 1 Section Boundary 2 Section Boundary 3 Section Boundary 4 5 0 5 5 5 0 45 E 40 e 35 g 3 0 a a p 2 5 E 20 15 10 0 5 0 0 50 0 0 50 10 0 15 0 20 0 26 0 30 0 36 0 40 0 45 0 50 0 55 0 Horizontal Position ft EXAMPLE_1 Stage amp Section Input Data is in FEET af x m Stages and Slopes LowStage 0 01 Slope 01 tt Stage Inc 1 00 Calc High Stage faco Slope 01 f f Close m Section Boundaries _ Gove 1 20 Actual 20 000 2 fao Actual fo 000 Help 3 Actual 4 l Actual Input Data is in FEET For Help press Help button Figure 5 6 Completed Stage and Section form Once the user has entered the appropriate data in the Stages and Section form the Calc button should be selected This w
5. 50 51 60 62 63 66 71 0 600 eaae RaR EN 28 35 40 Overwrite or Append eee 35 39 Parameters cc ccc cceseeeeeeecccsceeeseeeees 35 62 Parker scctsaientecnndiess 1 17 18 19 42 45 75 Particle Size Distribution 16 24 82 Plan Creating ocenenia 28 Plan Defaults aaa a A EN 40 Plan Main Window 28 29 30 32 34 36 39 66 78 Plan Menten nn 38 41 Plot Parameters cccccccccceee 46 47 48 50 Plot Vertical FIOW eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeerreeee 47 Preferences ccccccccccecesesssseeees 35 38 40 51 Printing 35 38 40 41 44 46 47 51 References zaiceesriidesotecdeets sreltinicctsvaseeeeks 73 Regression 34 36 46 51 52 65 67 Resistance Equation 1 3 4 13 15 24 25 26 35 40 45 93 Rod and Level 005 24 32 33 36 93 Sap Tape twos aon ances 23 32 33 36 Section Boundaries 36 37 56 58 Sediment Transport 1 2 3 4 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 76 80 Setup e unnn a a a 27 40 DV MIDOMS 9 55 scant occoessicarccamemas we eaterenaS veeseues 76 Thorne and Zevenbergen 13 14 24 26 30 51 62 63 93 Toolbox Menu eee cc ceeeeecceeeeeeees 38 42 68 Uniform Flow 5 6 22 37 76 84 VIEW MONU es ssccccissscccstiviviecccssarccsavebecessosseces 49 You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form thro
6. Posie hgs Overwrite Append Data Format Position Elevation Free Form x f Units Units Feet Meters Centimeters Feet Meters ANALYSIS Analysis Procedure Hydraulics 7 Re EAOn Thome amp Zevenbergen E hone zererbeida IE Cross Section Number fi d84 Particle Diameter fi 000 d84 Units Survey Date jos 06 04 C Feet Millimeters l Plan Comment Run Help For Help press Help button m 2 Figure 5 2 Initial blank plan Use the Input File Select button and navigate to the Example_1 sec file you created and select it Once the file is selected WinXSPRO will prompt the user to specify if the tape is horizontal For this exercise answer Yes The Plan window should update as illustrated in Figure 5 3 4 Plan Untitled Plan lolx INPUT OUTPUT File Name C Thom WinkXSPRO Manual Example_1 sec Fila Nara C Thom WinxSPRO Manual Example_t cout T Modify Data Output File Select Data Collection Method F j Output Mode Overwrite Append Data Format Position Elevation Free Form x Units p Unite G Feet C Meters C Centimeters Feet C Meters ANALYSIS Analysis Procedure Hydraulics 7 Resistance Equation Thome amp Zevenbergen x i i fi 000 Cross Section Number i d84 Particle Diameter d84 Units Survey Date os 07 04 C Feet Millimeters Plan Comment
7. Window s must be completed before the analysis can finish as described in Section 4 8 4 7 1 Stages and Slopes 4 7 1 1 Hydraulics or Hydraulics and Regression Analysis For a Hydraulics or Hydraulics and Regression analysis all fields must be completed in this area of the input data window As the values are accepted in the Low Stage and High Stage fields these limits are drawn on the Cross Section Window The analysis will only be performed between these specified limits The high stage entered may be up to 1 5 meters or 5 feet higher than the highest cross section elevation although specification of a high stage above your highest cross section elevation is strongly discouraged The program will assume vertical banks and extrapolate discharge for values above the highest cross section elevation Data that are extrapolated are marked with an after the discharge value on the output Running WinXSPRO 37 The water surface slope equal to the energy slope for uniform flow conditions for each stage limit is entered in the field next to the stage For stages between the high and low limits the slope will be linearly interpolated if your analysis uses the Nelson et al method only a single slope may be entered which is used for all stages The same low and high flow slope can be used if the slope does not change Finally the stage increment must be entered in the last field This is the increment that WinX SPRO will use to step through fr
8. that bed forms rarely occur in sediments coarser than approximately 0 6 mm ASCE 1966 As velocity and stream power increase bed forms evolve from a plane bed to ripples to dunes to washed out dunes to plane Theoretical Basis 13 ESS Ge re ee bed again to antidunes and to chutes and pools Ripples and dunes occur when the Froude number is less than 1 subcritical flow washed out dunes occur at a Froude number near 1 critical flow and plane bed antidunes and chutes and pools occur at a Froude number greater than supercritical flow Manning s n attains maximum values when dune or anti dune bed forms are present and minimum values when ripples and plane bed forms are present Parsons and Hudson 1985 Vegetation can cause Manning s n to change sometimes drastically between seasons The effect of vegetation depends mainly on height density distribution and type of vegetation as well as the flow conditions The depth of flow is important because as the water level in a stream rises different types distributions stiffness and densities of vegetation may be encountered Also under flows of sufficient depth many types of vegetation such as grasses and weeds will bend over to produce lower n values The slope of the channel can amplify this effect because a steep slope causes greater velocity which leads to greater flattening of vegetation Because Manning s roughness coefficient varies with different flows and cross section
9. the cross sectional area and the spacing between obstructions is such that the sphere of influence around one obstruction does not extend to the sphere of influence around another obstruction Smaller adjustments are used for curved smooth surfaced objects than are used for sharp edged angular objects Effect of Appreciable 0 020 0 030 Obstructions occupy from 15 to 20 percent of obstruction n3 the cross sectional area or the space between obstructions is small enough to cause the effects of several obstructions to be additive thereby blocking an equivalent part of a cross section Severe 0 040 0 050 Obstructions occupy more than 50 percent of the cross sectional area or the space between obstructions is small enough to cause turbulence across most of the cross section Amount of Small 0 002 0 010 Dense growths of flexible turf grass such as vegetation n4 Bermuda or weeds growing where the average depth of flow is at least two times the height of the vegetation supple tree seedlings such as willow cottonwood arrowweed or saltcedar growing where the average depth of flow is at least three times the height of the vegetation Adjustments for degree of irregularity variations in cross section effect of obstructions and vegetation are added to the base Manning s n value before multiplying by the adjustment for meander Theoretical Basis 11 Table 2 2 Factors that affect roughness of the channel continued Chann
10. the selected text from the current document and places the text on the Windows clipboard Shortcuts for this option are CTRL X from the keyboard or the scissors icon from the toolbar 4 9 2 3 Copy This option allows you to copy the selected text from the current document and places the text on the Windows clipboard Shortcuts for this option are CTRL C from the keyboard or the copy icon from the toolbar 4 9 2 4 Paste This option allows you to paste the contents of the Windows clipboard into the current document at the cursor location Shortcuts for this option are CTRL V from the keyboard or the paste icon from the toolbar 4 9 3 Toolbox Menu This pull down menu contains several tools that are available to the user Area Comparison between two cross sections Grain Size Analysis Bed Load Rating Curve generation using the Parker bed load function Bed load Discharge hydrograph generation Modify Discharge in a hydrograph file and Ackers and White Transport which calculates bed material sediment discharge These options are described in more detail below 4 9 3 1 Compare Areas This function will compare the cross sectional areas of two cross sections between user specified boundaries i e within the right and left horizontal limits specified by the user To activate this function either choose Compare Areas from the Toolbox pull down menu or click on the Compare Areas icon from the toolbar see Section 4 10 below This w
11. 0 68 2 00 B 20 22 21 63 21 27 0 93 0 95 0 0100 0 056 2 56 51 78 0 58 2 00 T 44 04 43 35 41 70 1 02 1 06 0 0100 0 053 2 8 125 27 0 63 3 00 A 44 59 22 93 21 12 1 94 2 11 0 0100 0 045 5 11 227 97 1 21 3 00 B 44 43 26 31 25 69 1 69 1 73 0 0100 0 047 4 47 198 64 1 05 3 00 E 69 02 49 25 46 82 1 8 1 90 0 0100 0 046 4 79 426 60 1 13 4 00 BR 66 07 24 15 21 82 2 74 3 03 0 0100 0 043 6 8 449 67 1 71 4 00 B 75 44 40 91 40 07 1 84 1 68 0 0100 0 045 4 99 376 37 1 15 4 00 c 2 19 5 60 5 38 0 39 0 41 0 0100 0 060 1 32 2 90 0 2 4 00 T 143 70 70 67 67 28 2 03 2 14 0 0100 0 041 5 77 628 94 1 27 5 00 8 02 24 40 21 97 3 61 4 01 0 0100 0 041 8 50 748 09 2 25 5 00 B 120 98 54 90 53 66 2 20 2 25 0 0100 0 043 5 87 710 24 1 38 5 00 c 8 75 9 43 8 50 0 93 1 03 0 0100 0 054 2 61 2 86 0 58 5 00 a 217 75 88 73 84 12 2 45 2 59 0 0100 0 040 6 8 1481 19 1 53 6 00 BR 109 98 24 40 21 97 4 51 5 01 0 0100 0 040 10 12 1112 8 2 8 6 00 B 175 69 57 16 55 68 3 07 3 16 0 0100 0 041 7 64 1342 73 1 92 6 00 c 18 42 11 84 10 69 1 56 1 72 0 0100 0 047 4 25 78 28 0 97 6 00 T 304 10 93 41 88 34 3 26 3 44 0 0100 0 039 8 33 2533 87 2 03 7 00 A 131 95 24 40 21 97 5 41 6 01 0 0100 0 039 11 64 1536 01 3 37 7 00 B 234 24 63 49 61 91 3 69 3 78 0 0100 0 040 8 85 2072 49 2 30 7 00 c 30 05 14 21 12 72 2 13 2 36 0 0100 0 044 5 61 166 43 1 33 7 00 396 24 102 00 96 60 3 8 4 10 0 0100 0 039 9 53 3776 92 2 42 STAGE ALPHA FROUDE 1 00 1 306798 0 313530 2 00 1 025219 0 487836 3 00 1 013425 0 612455 4 00 1 09499
12. 2 1 9 28 lt 1 0 95 lt D lt 1 65 4 5 W 12 ngi a P gt 1 65 oo 50 In equation 12 Dso is defined in terms of the boundary shear stress and the critical shear stress Using the non dimensionalization defined in equation 9 Dso is given by z Ps 1 1877 The value of t was set using the model for critical shear stress developed by Wiberg and Smith 1987b with a pocket angle of 30 This yields the critical stress for first motion rather than significant motion see Wiberg and Smith 1987b for a more detailed discussion as required for use in the Parker equation if surface particle sizes are used The Wiberg Smith model yields a value of about 0 028 for te in good agreement with the value of 0 0299 reported by Parker et al 1982 In WinXSPRO the lower limit of Oso in equation 24 is 0 8 in place of 0 95 in keeping with the adaptation of Nelson 1993 13 Theoretical Basis 19 SSS Ge ae ee The volumetric bed load fluxes per unit width calculated from the Parker equation are multiplied by sediment density and integrated across the channel width for each discharge using the surveyed channel cross section This yields the total mass of bed load discharge as a function of flow discharge Parker 1990 resulted from modifications to the 1982 formulation mostly to improve matching of W and its derivative at the divisions between the ranges of values Also the 1982 function was form
13. 5 4 Updated WinXSPRO plan window after setting initial analysis options We can move to the next step in our analysis by clicking on the Run button alternatively Run may be activated from the pull down menu or the toolbar This will open two new windows as illustrated in Figure 5 5 In this example we wish to analyze the channel hydraulics for stages from 0 01 to 4 feet elevations 284 to 288 at one foot increments Enter 0 01 for the Low Stage 4 0 for the High Stage and 0 01 for both slopes and 1 0 for the Stage Increment Because the channel has varying Manning s n values see Figure 5 1 the user needs to tell WinXSPRO to subdivide the cross section into three separate subsections i e left bank to start of the low flow channel at 20 feet the low flow channel between 20 and 30 feet and then the end of the low flow channel to the end of the cross section The position co ordinates stations of the change in n values 20 ft and 30 ft are entered in the Section Boundaries part of the form As the stages and section boundaries are entered in the Section Boundaries part of the form they are drawn in the cross section window Figure 5 6 illustrates all data fields with their appropriate values for this example problem Example Problems 57 T WinXSPRO Version 3 1 1 EXAMPLE_1 PEE Plan Edit Toolbox Options View Window Help olsa ele a a whic ep BEES 8 234 5 984 55 5 0 45 40 3 5
14. 99 No HY11 pp 2041 2060 Aldridge B N and J M Garrett 1973 Roughness Coefficients for Stream Channels in Arizona U S Geological Survey Open File Report Arcement G J Jr and V R Schneider 1984 Guide for Selecting Manning s Roughness Coefficients for Natural Channels and Flood Plains U S Dept Trans Federal Highway Administration Tech Rept No FHWA TS 84 204 McLean VA Ashmore P E T R Yuzyk and R Herrington 1988 Bed Material Sampling in Sand Bed Streams Report IWD HQ WRB SS 88 4 Sediment Survey Section Water Resources Branch Inland Waters Directorate Environment Canada 90 p ASCE Task Force on Bed Forms in Alluvial Channels John F Kennedy Chairman 1966 Nomenclature for Bed Forms in Alluvial Channels Journal of the Hydraulics Division Am Soc Civil Engr Vol 93 No HY5 pp 297 302 Bagnold R A 1966 An approach to the Sediment transport Problem from General Physics U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 422 1 Washington D C Barnes Harry H Jr 1967 Roughness Characteristics of Natural Channels U S Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1849 Washington D C Barthurst J C 1978 Flow Resistance of Large Scale Roughness Journal of the Hydraulics Division Am Soc Civil Engr Vol 104 No HY12 pp 1587 1603 Benson M A and Tate Dalrymple 1967 General Field and Office Procedures for Indirect Discharge Measurements Tech
15. A 64 55 46 96 44 26 1 80 1 91 0 0050 0 055 2 86 241 77 0 56 3 10 B 7 96 10 75 9 75 0 74 0 82 0 0050 0 074 1 16 9 22 0 23 3 10 T 92 51 57 72 54 02 1 60 1 71 0 0050 Zonk 251 00 0 50 4 10 A 131 51 51 07 48 11 2 57 2 73 0 0050 0 050 4 00 525 64 0 80 4 10 B 18 95 13 43 12 24 1 41 TSS 0 0050 0 071 1 87 35 51 0 44 4 10 c 0 50 7 21 7 18 0 07 0 07 0 0050 0 069 0 25 a3 0 02 4 10 T 150 95 Wiet2 69 53 2510 2 24 0 0050 3 72 561 28 0 66 5 10 182 25 55 89 52 82 3 26 3 45 0 0050 0 045 5 20 948 58 1 02 5 10 B 32 71 16 06 14 59 2 04 2 24 0 0050 0 067 2 53 82 64 0 64 5 10 c 12 03 15 35 15 07 0 78 0 80 0 0050 0 066 1 35 16 27 0 24 5 10 ue 226 99 87 30 62 48 2 60 2 75 0 0050 4 61 1047 49 0 81 6 10 A 236 92 59 16 56 00 4 00 4 23 0 0050 0 040 6 73 1593 40 1 25 6 10 B 48 11 20 13 18 22 2 39 2 64 0 0050 0 063 2 97 143 11 0 75 6 10 c 30 76 22 55 22 00 1 37 1 40 0 0050 0 063 2 06 63 41 0 43 6 10 D 0 12 1 86 1 86 0 06 0 06 0 0050 0 090 0 19 0 02 0 02 6 10 T 315 93 103 70 98 08 3 05 3 22 0 0050 5 70 1799 93 0 95 7 00 A 287 32 59 16 56 00 4 86 sel3 0 0050 0 035 8 63 2480 46 1 52 7 00 B 67 30 25 46 23 28 2 64 2 89 0 0050 0 060 3 36 225 90 0 82 7 00 c 50 58 22 55 22 00 2 24 2 30 0 0050 0 060 3 01 152 20 0 70 7 00 D 7 58 14 75 14 71 0 51 0 51 0 0050 0 090 0 75 5 69 0 16 7 00 T 412 78 121 92 116 00 3 39 3 56 0 0050 6 94 2864 25 1 06 STAGE ALPHA FROUDE 0 10 1 000000 0 157374 1 10 1 000000 0 258744 2 10 1 031663 0 311604 3 10 1 076654 0 365356 4 10 1 096263 0 438263 5 10 1 177
16. Clay 0 0002420 0 004 Silt 0 004 0 062 Sand very fine 0 062 0 125 Sand fine 0 125 0 25 Sand medium 0 50 0 25 Sand coarse 0 50 1 0 Sand very coarse 1 0 2 0 Gravel very fine 2 0 4 0 Gravel fine 4 8 Gravel medium 8 16 Gravel coarse 16 32 Gravel very coarse 32 64 Cobbles small 64 128 Cobbles large 128 256 Boulders small 256 512 Boulders medium 512 1024 Boulders large 1024 2048 Boulders very large gt 2048 VIEW LOOKING DOWNSTREAM Example of main channel versus left and right overbank roughness areas 86 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Appendix D Error and Warning Messages WARNINGS ERROR MESSAGE MEANING ACTION TO CORRECT Do you really want to overwrite the existing file Confirms the new analysis output should overwrite the existing file yes or no Invalid range duplicate data The cross section boundary is not valid or a duplicated value is entered in the Stage and Section data entry window Enter a different value Invalid Entry An invalid entry e g entry is not numeric Enter a correct value Maximum number of stage output is 500 Please Run the analysis again and select a larger value for stage increment The maximum number of output stages 500 has been exceeded for the given stage limits and stage increment Try increasing the stage increment and or decreasing the stage range This is not a valid number Number is outside of allowable ran
17. Lincoln Nebraska Laramie Wyoming Station Headquarters Natural Resources Research Center 2150 Centre Avenue Building A Fort Collins CO 80526 The U S Department of Agriculture USDA prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race color national origin sex religion age disability political beliefs sexual orientation or marital or family status Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information Braille large print audiotape etc should contact USDA s TARGET Center at 202 720 2600 voice and TDD To file a complaint of discrimination write USDA Director Office of Civil Rights Room 326 W Whitten Building 1400 Independence Avenue SW Washington D C 20250 9410 or call 202 720 5964 voice and TDD USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer Federal Recycling Program tad Printed on Recycled Paper
18. PRN for Print files file extension in Excel 5 0 but under Excel 2000 you could choose Text Tab delimited and the file will be save with a txt extension This is the default extension for the file type you have selected but may be assigned any three character extension A SEC extension would be consistent with the file extension used by WinXSPRO cross section data You may need to rename the extension to DAT using Windows File Rename function previously described When you have chosen a directory in which to store the file select OK A message box will appear informing you that only the active sheet will be saved Click on OK When you exit Excel a dialog box will appear prompting you to Save Changes in filename if you have made any changes to the current spreadsheet which you want to save click on Save otherwise choose No to exit You have just created an ASCII text file that may now be used by WinXSPRO From the Main Plan Screen of WinXSPRO select the New Plan button from the toolbar or choose New from the Plan pull down menu In the File Name field type the name of the ASCII text file you have just created be sure to include the full path where the file is located or select your file using the Input File Select button Be sure the Data Collection Method is set to the correct option for your data refer to section 4 5 1 4 To view the geometric data in the text file you have just created click on the Modify Data button Wh
19. boundary stations must be increasing order from left to right 61 For one or more subsections s the first point is not the leftmost or the last point is not the rightmost point No undercuts are allowed at the very beginning or end of a subsection i e subsection boundaries cannot pass through an undercut 62 One or more subsection boundary station value does not tie with the existing ground shot WinXSPRO could not find a groundpoint near the entered boundary station Enter a different station 63 Error occurred while in function Undercut An unexpected Unknown error occurred while performing undercut Analysis 64 Cannot select Nelson et al Default to Jarrett Undercut Analysis does not support Nelson et al Hydraulic analysis method Try using the Jarrett method instead 65 File Seek Read Error Output result not valid An error occurred while performing read write during analysis 66 Out of memory Not enough memory available to display analysis text data Close one or more running applications and try again Appen D 91 67 Cannot implement Ration 1 1 Position scaling too small Warning during Option Plot Ratio X Y due to scaling factors 68 Cannot implement Ration 1 1 Stage scaling too small Warning during Option Plot Ratio X Y due to scaling factors 69 Cannot implement Ration 10 1 Stage scaling too large War
20. characteristics it is important to define the variability of n over the entire range of flows when conducting cross section analyses If possible this is best accomplished by measuring discharge at several different water levels stages solving Manning s equation for the true value of n at each stage and developing a relation between stage and Manning s n If Manning s n is estimated from a table of values or by comparison with photographs estimates should be made for several stages and the relationship between n and stage defined for the flow range of interest If empirical formulas are used to estimate n it is best to select a formula that is sensitive to mean depth or hydraulic radius such as the formulas that use a relative roughness term It is wise to perform a sensitivity analysis to show the effect of changes in n values on hydraulic parameters such as discharge and velocity especially if bed forms or vegetative characteristics vary over the range of discharges 2 3 2 Thorne and Zevenbergen s Recommended Equations Resistance equations that include a term for relative roughness the ratio of the bed material size to the flow depth or hydraulic radius have an inherent sensitivity to changes in depth for low to moderate flow depths Thorne and Zevenbergen 1985 in a review of resistance equations developed for mountain streams tested several formulas using relative submergence terms for estimating mean velocity in steep cobble boulder
21. containing an undercut bank Compare Two Cross Sections Files BEFORE SEC and AFTER SEC These files compare a cross section over two time periods before and after The point 0 98 5 has been set as the stable point for each file be placing an s after the elevation value 0 98 5s The results below illustrate how various parts of the cross section might be compared Comparison Change in area ft Interpretation Left side 3 to 14 feet 5 8 Degradation after area is larger Right side 14 to 30 feet 5 2 Aggradation after area is smaller Entire X sec 0 to 50 feet 1 0 Degradation after area is larger Append E 93 Nelson et al Resistance Method and Bed Load Computations Files EXAMPLE SEC basic cross section file EXAMPLE DAT grain geometry and orientation file DISCHARGE DIS one water year of discharge data 94 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Index Ackers and White 17 19 20 21 42 46 70 71 72 Analysis Output Format eeeeeeeeeee 35 Analysis Parameters s 0 c incest 34 Analysis Procedure s lt cco uiecnatecieceeaparec 34 40 Area Comparison ceeeee 42 43 68 69 Bathurst Equation cseeeeeeees 14 35 63 Bedload Discharge ecceeeseeeeeeeeees 19 45 Bedload Rating Curve eceeeeeeeeeeeteeeees 42 Channel Geometry 1 4 15 22 37 67 68 AES iach iets E ee aes 40 41 46 COPYN E eiiie so ecadte Secca as 46 BX POM ties poset es a
22. curve click on that curve to make it the active one before proceeding with the changes If Shields Shear is chosen as one of the plot parameters the Dso area of the dialog becomes active because its value is needed to calculate the Shields dimensionless shear stress Note that measured data points can be added to the resulting plot by using the Plot Measured option 4 9 4 8 Discharge Rating Curve Plot This command may be used when the active window contains any of the output plots Activating the command will bring up the Select Measured Data File dialog from which you must select the file containing the measured data you wish to overlay on top of the existing plot WinXSPRO assumes that the measured data file consists of two columns the first containing the X data and the second the corresponding Y data The file can have any name and extension selected by the user e g txt dat Running WinXSPRO 49 or mrd measured rating data Because the program has no way to check the validity of the measured data it is assumed that the X and Y parameters correspond to those on the active chart window and that the units are also the same 4 9 4 9 Export The Export command allows you to take any previously created chart in Windows Metafile format WMF files and export it in another format The available export formats are Windows Metafile WMF Windows Bitmap BMP Joint Photographic Experts Group bitmap JPG Sele
23. if there was no stable point specified then a message box comes up that reminds the user that no stable point is specified Up to six digits will be retained for the position and elevation data You may enter up to 200 rows and 50 columns When you select Run from the main menu data will be read from the file and put through the analysis Be sure that the data file you are using is formatted correctly Refer to the Data Format section for information on input file formats Note although the order of the points in the input file is not important for all formats other than Undercut Banks it is recommended that the position coordinate increases for each successive point Comment lines may be inserted into the input file A comment line will begin in the first column of the file and the first character in the cell must be an asterisk or a semi colon Comment lines must appear above the numerical data and should not appear after the numerical data 32 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 SEB IEF To save a new or modified file click the Save As button This will bring up the Save As dialog where the file name and location may be specified The Save As button may also be used to save a modified file under a different name although this will not alter the file name in the input file field on the Main Plan Window If an existing file is changed in the data editor and you select the OK button the changes to the file will be saved and you will exit the da
24. input of water surface slopes such that the slope will vary with discharge to reflect natural conditions The user can overlay plots and compute the difference in area between two cross sections using a special feature of the program Sediment transport calculations can be performed using one bed load equation and one total load equation 1 5 Computer Requirements WinXSPRO requires Microsoft Windows Version 3 1 or higher a minimum of 4 MB hard disk space and 4 MB RAM Eight 8 MB RAM is recommended for faster operation Installation of the program is described in Chapter 4 4 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 nnn eee Chapter 2 Theoretical Basis 2 1 General The theoretical background for analyzing channel cross section data is derived from the basic continuity momentum and energy equations of fluid mechanics Specifically streamflow at a cross section is computed using the simplified form of the continuity equation where discharge equals the product of velocity and cross sectional area of flow Computation of cross sectional area is strictly a geometry problem it is determined by inputting incremental depths of water stage to a channel cross section defined by distance elevation pairs In addition to cross sectional area the top width wetted perimeter mean depth and hydraulic radius are computed for each increment of stage Figure 2 1 A Maximum Depth Stage t Wetted Perimeter _ Top Width _ Area Are
25. must use the same root filename as the geometry data and have a filename extension of sitename dat For missing data insert a 1 negative one in the missing data field Allowable missing data include 1 the z variable the total vertical extent of the pebble rock may be coded as missing data in instances where for example a rock cannot be dug up and measured or it may be coded 1 for the entire data set and 2 the a variable the longest particle axis and the c variable the shortest particle axis may be coded as missing data to accommodate pebble count data sets where only the b variable the intermediate particle axis may have been measured 4 5 1 5 Units The units of the cross section input data is selected by clicking on the appropriate button of the Main Plan Window The three choices are Feet Meters or Centimeters Input data may not be in mixed units e g distance in meters and elevation in feet or centimeters 4 5 2 Analysis Parameters 4 5 2 1 Analysis Procedure You must choose how the program will perform the analysis Two selections are possible Hydraulics only Values computed for this analysis are area wetted perimeter top width hydraulic radius hydraulic depth Manning s n average velocity discharge and shear stress The data are organized from the low stage value up to the high stage value Both Hydraulics This selection gives you the hydraulic analysis and will also perform a and Regression regression o
26. on the version number of WinXSPRO Windows Help After this button is activated a cursor that looks identical to the button appears The cursor may then be moved to the item of interest and a click will access the available help information on that item Note that only help on windows features e g headers scrollbars the toolbar can be accessed with this button For help on WinXSPRO items such as input fields use the pull down help menu or the help button in each particular window z e 4 11 Output Files Depending on the type of analysis chosen and the variables selected using the Preferences command see Section 4 9 1 6 the output files will vary in appearance Output files for the Toolbox options are described above in Section 4 9 3 Description of the output files for the Hydraulics and Hydraulics and Regression analyses are provided below 4 11 1 Hydraulic or Hydraulic and Regression Analysis For the Hydraulics or Hydraulics and Regression analyses the properties will be listed beginning at the channel low point the Low Stage proceeding upwards at the specified stage increment to the highest stage in the cross section or the High Stage input by the user A sample output file from a Hydraulics and Regression analysis using the Thorne and Zevenbergen resistance method is shown in Figure 4 7 The output files for other resistance methods are similar The file header lists the input and output files used the run date the
27. section and water surface slope a sample of the bed material or measurement of bed material particle size distribution and a discharge measurement 3 3 1 Survey of Cross Section and Water Surface Slope The basic data required for a channel cross section analysis are a surveyed channel cross section and water surface slope The cross section is established perpendicular to the main body of the flow and the points across the section are surveyed relative to a known or arbitrarily established benchmark elevation The distance elevation paired data associated with each point on the section may be obtained either by sag tape or rod and level survey The basic setups for these methods are illustrated in Figures 3 1 and 3 2 respectively The intricacies of correct survey procedures are beyond the scope of this document For details of the sag tape procedure the reader is referred to Ray and Megahan 1979 Benson and Dalrymple 1967 present an excellent overview of rod and level surveying procedures including guidance on equipment field notes and vertical and horizontal control Figure 3 1 Sag tape survey configuration 24 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Figure 3 2 Rod and level survey configuration Information on water surface slope also is required input for a cross section analysis The survey of water surface slope is somewhat more complicated than the cross section survey in that slope of the individual channel unit at the loc
28. that sets the print options The print icon from the toolbar may also be used for this command 4 9 4 5 Save As This command allows you to save the chart to a file Three formats are available Windows Metafile Windows Bitmap and Windows JPEG As with the other Save As dialog boxes you may select the drive and subdirectory where you wish the file to be saved If you wish to convert either of these formats to another see Section 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 6 Ratio Two preset plot ratios are available for viewing channel cross sections 1 horizontal unit to 1 vertical unit 1 1 and 10 horizontal units to 1 vertical unit 10 1 The 1 1 scale is how the cross section would appear in nature i e no vertical exaggeration However vertical exaggeration is often desired to accentuate the cross section features The Ratio option is only available when the Cross Section Window is active 4 9 4 7 Plot Parameters This command may be used to plot output variables versus each other When the command is selected two columns of variables are presented in the dialog box Figure 4 6 one for the x axis and one for the y axis Select the variables that you wish to plot and then click on the Plot button to see the plot Only valid variables may be selected Note that the data plotted is taken from the last plan output shown in the File 1 field unless a different file is selected by clicking on the File 1 button or typing in a different file name Therefor
29. the results a Actual Reg Line Stage ft 0 0 500 0 1000 0 1500 0 2000 0 2500 0 3000 0 Discharge cfs Figure 5 14 Stage discharge regression curve 68 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 SSSR SSS ee 5 4 Example Problem 4 As a result of a sand mining operation upstream a channel cross section has recently been scoured Channel geometry before and after the scour is supplied in the files BEFORE SEC and AFTER SEC Determine the change in area for the two cross sections and compute the bed material load using the Akers and White Method The easiest way to find the difference in area between the before and after conditions is to use the Compare Areas feature Before activating the function a stable point must be identified for each cross section Selecting BEFORE SEC as the input file on the Plan window and clicking the Modify Data button brings up the input Data Editor Figure 5 15 Note that the first point point 1 has been selected as the stable point Insert Row Append Row Delete Row Insert Colurnn Append Column Delete Column Help Save As Cancel Oo ras Hebe MEN Figure 5 15 Modify Data screen using the BEFORE SEC input file AFTER SEC basically contains the same geometry data as BEFORE SEC except for modified data points to reflect changes in geometry In this example the same stable point for AFTER SEC was selected as indicated for the BE
30. 006 0 010 Compares to dredged channels having irregularity n moderate to considerable bed roughness and moderately sloughed or eroded side slopes Severe 0 011 0 020 Badly sloughed or scalloped banks of natural streams badly eroded or sloughed sides of canals or drainage channels unshaped jagged and irregular surfaces of channels in rock Gradual 0 000 Size and shape of channel cross sections change gradually Variation in Alternating 0 001 0 005 Large and small cross sections alternate channel cross occasionally occasionally or the main flow occasionally section n2 shifts from side to side owing to changes in cross sectional shape Alternating 0 010 0 015 Large and small cross sections alternate frequently frequently or the main flow frequently shifts from side to side owing to changes in cross sectional shape Adjustments for degree of irregularity variations in cross section effect of obstructions and vegetation are added to the base Manning s n value before multiplying by the adjustment for meander m 10 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Table 2 2 Factors that affect roughness of the channel continued Channel n value Example conditions adjustment Negligible 0 000 0 004 A few scattered obstructions which include debris deposits stumps exposed roots logs piers or isolated boulders that occupy less than 5 percent of the cross sectional area Minor 0 005 0 015 Obstructions occupy less than 15 percent of
31. 007 0 490191 6 10 1 259911 0 559415 7 00 1 368948 0 648240 Q aR b a 75 400925 b 2 800709 r 2 0 998676 n 8 Q aZ b a 0 044076 b 5 705 r 2 0 924757 n 8 Figure 5 12 Example Problem 3 output file In the output file the subsections have been labeled A B C and D corresponding to II I HI and IV respectively see Subsections Dividing stations information at top of output file The discharge versus hydraulic radius regression plot is shown in Figure 5 13 Peann Problems 67 Ca Ea Actual Reg Line 3000 0 2500 0 2000 0 1500 0 Discharge cfs 1000 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 15 2 0 25 3 0 3 5 Hydraulic Radius ft Figure 5 13 Discharge vs Hydraulic Radius Regression Curve Notice that while the curve has a reasonable fit to the data points at lower values of the hydraulic radius R the last data point where R is 3 4 feet corresponding to a stage of 7 feet is not near the curve Similarly Figure 5 14 shows that while the computed discharge was 2864 cfs at the 7 foot stage the regression curve formula yielded a discharge of 2573 cfs a 10 under prediction This discrepancy is principally due to the small perched channel on the right side of the cross section The user of the program must be cautious in accepting regression results since channel geometry e g multiple channels a small channel opening out into wide overbanks above a certain stage will skew
32. 2 0 695602 5 00 1 147894 0 745100 6 00 1 101487 0 791423 7 00 1 094711 0 829413 Q aR b a 131 605881 b 2 478097 r 2 0 994863 n 7 Q aZ b a 0 670020 b 4 314 r 2 0 963502 n 7 Figure 4 7 Sample output screen 54 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Chapter 5 Example Problems 5 1 Example Problem 1 Based on the channel cross section below Figure 5 1 determine the channel discharge at one foot stage increments from the channel invert low point to a water surface elevation of 288 ft The Manning s n values are given in Figure 5 1 for each section of the channel Use a constant slope of 1 0 01 The coordinate data are as follows X distance Elevation 5 290 0 290 10 286 20 286 25 284 30 286 40 286 50 290 Use Notepad to enter these data as x y pairs tab between values and save the data with the filename Example_l sec Be sure to rename the file extension from txt to sec Section 4 5 1 Figure 5 1 Elevation ft N a 1 N co o t N ca isi t N oo t nN ca a t N oo cn t 2844 10 0 19 20 30 40 50 50 Width of Channel Cft Example cross section esate Problems 55 Start the WinXSPRO software The user should be presented with a blank Plan as shown in Figure 5 2 oleja Hee Sa a alice 2 re F Plan Untitled Plan INPUT OUTPUT File Name File Name Input File Select Modify Data Output File Select Data Collection Method RodandLevel x
33. 3 Output Parameters 4 5 3 1 File Name The output file will contain the user selected parameters chosen with the Analysis Output Format function under Preferences on the Plan pull down menu The format of the output data allows easy importing of the data to your favorite spreadsheet program s using its import text file feature A file name matching the Input Filename is automatically assigned as the Output file name and given a OUT extension The filename may be changed by typing in another name directly or the Output File Select button may be used to search your system for an existing file name where the results will be output see next section 4 5 3 2 Output Mode You may select Overwrite or Append to indicate how the data from the next run will impact the existing file if it has the same output file name the selection does not matter for the first run using a new output file Overwriting will completely erase the file and then write the new data to the file Appending will simply add the new output to the end of the file preserving all previous output in the file If you print an appended file all of the data in that file will be printed The current version of WinXSPRO limits the size of the output file to 500 lines per run or 1000 lines total 36 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 eo eee e OLA SSBSBEEEBGZJFJ_ 4 5 3 3 Units The units of the output data can be either in meters or feet This is also a menu selection type field All output will u
34. 4 3 shows the dialog that is opened after selecting User Defined as the input file data format The values for the column containing the x position data and the column for the elevation data have been entered i e column 3 and column 4 Figure 4 4 shows a portion of a sample input file where the data are not in a specific order In this particular file the x position values are located in column 3 and the elevation values are located in column 4 As you can see these values have been entered in Fig 4 3 User Defined Data Format x Position data field column 3 Elevation data field column 4 Figure 4 3 User Defined Data Format Dialogue Box 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 024 00 00 00 00 00 OO O0 O0 O0 O0 00 O0 00 O0 O0 00 00 00 cooooococococococpecoe Figure 4 4 Portion of user defined sample input file where data are not in a specific order Selecting Undercut Banks assumes a position elevation data format in which the horizontal stationing i e x position follows the proceeding one even if the position value i e bed elevation decreases from one point to the next When this format is selected no internal data manipulation i e Rod and Level or Sag Tape is allowed Special Requirements for the Nelson et al Resistance Method If the cross section geometry input file is to be used with the Nelson et al resistance method it must be
35. 4 mm silt size to 2 5 mm sand size the coefficients are n 1 00 0 56 log Dgr 20 Theoretical Basis 21 pee DEE Ga 21 JD pee han 22 D gr log C 2 86 log Dgr log Dgr 3 53 23 and the coefficients for the coarse sediments D gt 60 could be expressed as n 0 00 A 0 17 m 1 50 and C 0 025 Fine size material with D less than 1 exhibit cohesive properties and conventional sediment transport equations do not apply Ackers and White suggested that d35 be used in place of dso for graded and coarse sediments For a detailed report of the Ackers and White method background application and verification the reader is referred to Bunte 1994 To calculate the sediment discharge the following procedure is used The value of D is calculated using equation 17 The values of A C n and m are computed equations 20 23 or selected for this D value The value of Fis calculated using equation 16 The value of Gz is computed using equation 19 The mass flux X is calculated from equation 18 The sediment discharge Q is NM BWN Qs XQ 24 where Q is the flow in the channel 22 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 SEH EF Chapter 3 Field Procedures and Techniques 3 1 General A good cross section analysis depends on good field data which requires careful reach selection and proper field techniques Whether a critical or representative reach is to be analyzed must be determi
36. 5 0 47 0 51 0 0100 osit 0 77 1 96 0 29 zorl T 10 30 30 82 30 05 0 33 0 34 0 0100 0 121 0 59 6 10 0 21 Son T 42 85 36 21 35 05 1 18 1 22 0 0100 0 068 2 46 105 28 0 74 4 00 T 80 00 41 54 40 00 1 93 2 00 0 0100 0 058 3 95 315 81 1 20 STAGE ALPHA FROUDE 0 01 1 000000 0 000348 1 01 1 000000 0 191043 2 01 1 000000 0 178169 3 01 1 000000 0 391613 4 00 1 000000 0 491932 Figure 5 10 Example Problem 2 output file The calculations are performed by hand below in order to better understand the solution In this problem we will not analyze the channel by dividing it into subsections Therefore we can simply sum up the areas and wetted perimeters from problem 1 to be used in this example Ator 2A A2 Aror 2 25 30 80 sq ft Pror 2P P2 Pror 2 15 385 10 770 41 540 ft The hydraulic radius of the channel can then be found R Aror Pror R 80 41 540 1 926 ft We must choose from two equations when using the Thorne and Zevenbergen recommendations either Hey s 1979 or Bathurst s 1978 equation The appropriate equation to use is determined by the ratio R dg4 The dg4 value needs to be converted to English units dg4 300mm 0 984 ft R dgq 1 926 0 984 1 957 64 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 eee aa R dg4 gt 1 use Equations 3 and 4 presented in Chapter 2 Equations 3 and 4 Hey s equation V a R CRS 562g Sd amp Jey R 0 314 a 11 Da where Dmax is the maximum depth of four feet
37. 5 15 385 1 625 ft R gt 30 10 770 2 786 ft Substituting these values into Manning s equation 1 yields the mean velocity in each of the subsections of the channel V k RPS n Vi 1 486 0 06 1 625 01 3 423 ft s V gt 1 486 0 06 2 786 01 4 904 ft s Applying the continuity equation Q VA Qror 2 V141 V2A2 Qror 2 25 3 424 30 4 904 318 27 cfs 62 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 bereen ea e OLA 5959 EH WinXSPRO computed an overall discharge of 319 1 cfs for the channel described for a stage of 4 ft Since the discharge calculated by the hand computations is within roundoff error 0 3 error of the discharge calculated by WinXSPRO the result is verified 5 2 Example Problem 2 Assume the cross section in problem 2 to be from a steep cobble boulder bed channel Using the same geometry and slope data as in example problem 1 determine the total discharge by using the equations for resistance to flow recommended by Thorne and Zevenbergen 1985 Take the dg4 value to be 300 mm Give the answer in English units We can use the existing Plan for Example_1 as a starting point First change the output filename to Example_2 out in the Output portion of the Plan window Next change the Resistance Equation to Thorne and Zevenbergen and then set the d84 particle diameter to 300 mm Change the text in the Plan Comment field to Example Problem 2 and then use the Plan Save As menu and rename the Plan
38. Agency Sedimentation Project 1986 Catalog of Instruments and Reports for Fluvial Sediment Investigations Federal Inter Agency Sedimentation project Vicksburg MS Grant Gordon E Frederick J Swanson and M Gordon Wolman 1990 Pattern and origin of stepped bed morphology in high gradient streams Western Cascades Oregon Geological Survey of American Bulletin Vol 102 pp 340 352 Grant G E J E Duval G J Koerper and J L Fogg 1992 XSPRO A channel cross section analyzer USDI Bureau of Land Management Technical Note 387 BLM SC PT 02 001 7200 Denver CO 53p Harrelson Cheryl C C L Rawlins and John P Potyondy 1994 Stream Channel Reference Sites An illustrated Guide to Field Technique Gen Tech Rep RM 245 USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Fort Collins CO Hey R D 1979 Flow Resistance in Gravel Bed Rivers Journal of the Hydraulics Engineering Am Soc Civil Engr Vol 105 No HY4 pp 365 379 Jarrett Rober D 1984 Hydraulics of High Gradient Streams Journal of the Hydraulic Engineering Am Civil Engr Vol 110 No 11 pp 1519 1539 Nelson Jonathan M W Emmett Williams and J Dungan Smith 1991 Flow and Sediment Transport in Rough Channels Proceedings of the Fifth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference Las Vegas NV Nelson Jonathan M 1993 Draft Toolbox Reference Manual Version 1 0 U S Geological Su
39. Bunte and Abt 2001 3 3 3 Discharge Measurement When analyzing channel cross section data it is desirable to have at least one good measurement of discharge at the section Although a discharge estimate is not required to execute WinXSPRO the availability of streamflow data will greatly improve the quality of the input and provide a good check on the accuracy of the output i e data on stage discharge and other hydraulic parameters If only one discharge measurement is obtained it is likely during low water and would be useful for defining the lower end of the rating table If two measurements can be made it is desirable to have a low water measurement and a high water measurement to define both ends of the rating table and to establish the relationship between Manning s n and stage If high water cannot be measured directly it may be necessary to estimate the stage discharge relationship using WinXSPRO Using the Jarrett formula Jarrett 1984 or the resistance equations recommended by Thorne and Zevenbergen 1985 the discharge and equivalent n values are calculated at the stage intervals defined by the user If several discharge measurements can be made over a wide range of flows relations between stage discharge and other hydraulic parameters may be developed directly without the use of WinXSPRO However WinXSPRO can still be helpful in determining these hydraulic parameters at stages between those where measurements exist It is b
40. E a Figure 5 3 Updated WinXSPRO plan window after cross section geometry file is selected 56 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 OOOO U U US You can verify that the data has been imported correctly by selecting the Modify Data button Once you have verified that your data has been imported correctly close the Input Data Editor to return to the Plan window Enter Example Problem 1 in the Plan Comment field and then change the Resistance Equation to User Supplied Manning s n Use the Plan Save As menu to save the plan using the filename Example_1 you do not need to specify an extension The Plan window should now look like Figure 5 4 olem 2 a wie 2i 3 EXAMPLE_1 Plan INPUT 5 OUTPUT File Name CAThom WinXSPRO Manual Example_1 sec Bla Nang CAThom WinXSPRO Manual Example_1 out Input File Select Modify Data Output File Select m Output Mode Data Collection Method Ad utput Moge Overwrite C Append Data Format Position Elevation Free Form z Units G Feet C Meters C Centimeters Feet C Meters r ANALYSIS Analysis Procedure Hydraulics v Resistance Equation User Supplied Manningsn 084 Particle Diamete fi opg Cross Section Number 1 oi Peiniels Dicunaiar r dgs Units J Survey Date 03 07 04 Feet Millimeters mPlan Comment Example Problem 1 Run Help For Help press Help button Figure
41. EEEERRRERRRRRERERERRRERRERRRERRRRR C Thon WinXxSPRO Example Files After out Input File C Thonm WinxSPRO Example Files After sec Run Date 03707704 Analysis Procedure Hydraulics Cross Section Number 1 Survey Date 03 07 04 Example Problem 4 Subsections Dividing positions Resistance Method Manning s n SECTION A Low Stage n 0 045 High Stage n 0 025 Unadjusted horizontal distances used STAGE 5EC AREA PERIM WIDTH R DHYD SLOPE n VAVG Q SHEAR ft sq ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft s cfs psf 0 10 T 0 30 4 14 4 13 0 07 0 07 0 0050 0 045 0 41 0 12 0 02 1 10 HY 10 44 14 68 14 01 0 71 0 75 0 0050 0 038 2 20 22 99 0 22 2 10 d 33 26 37 73 36 05 0 88 0 92 0 0050 0 031 3 10 103 25 0 28 3 00 67 77 43 37 40 74 1 56 1 66 0 0050 0 025 5 67 364 61 0 49 STAGE ALPHA FROUDE 0 10 1 000000 0 266194 1 10 1 000000 0 449780 2 10 1 000000 0 569465 3 00 1 000000 0 775390 Figure 5 18 Example Problem 4 hydraulic analysis output The output file AFTER OUT along with the dso determined previously i e 4 5 mm and the water temperature assumed to be 25 degrees centigrade are required input for the Ackers and White Method The Ackers and White Method can be selected by choosing Ackers and White from the Toolbox pull down menu Use the AFTER OUT file for the input set the D50 as 4 5 mm and the temperature to 25 0 Figure 5 19 illustrates the Ackers and White dialogue box with the appropriate input fields Input File C T
42. FORE SEC file in Figure 5 15 The user can compare these two cross sections by clicking the Compare Areas icon from the toolbar or choosing Compare Areas from the Toolbox pull down menu This will bring up the Area Comparison dialog box The user should set File 1 as BEFORE SEC and File 2 as AFTER SEC and then select the Plot button to display to two Peann Problems 69 cross sections The Input Data Format should be set to Position Elevation Set the Left Horizontal Boundary to 0 0 and Right Horizontal Boundary to 50 0 The user can now complete the comparison by selecting the Calculate button and WinXSPRO will cause the calculated area difference to appear as shown in Figure 5 16 9 966 95 942 n A n 98 5 File1 c thom winxspro example files befor File2 Je thomn winxspro example files after Print Select appropriate data input format below Press the Plot button and then use the plotto select left and right Copy horizontal boundaries Press Plot again to display boundaries Finally press the Calculate button Input Data Format Help Position Elevation Elevation Position Position Depth Plot Close Left Horizontal Boundary o o Right Horizontal Boundary 50 0 Calculated Difference in Area fi D Gini Figure 5 16 Example of Compare Areas window with values set for Example Problem 4 If the Gini button is activated on the Area Comparison dialog the Gini coefficient for each of the two secti
43. Method Manning s n SECTION B A C Low Stage n 0 080 0 080 0 080 High Stage n 0 060 0 060 0 060 Unadjusted horizontal distances used STAGE SEC AREA PERIN WIDTH R DHYD SLOPE n VAVG Q SHEAR ift isq ft ft ft ift ift ift ft ft s cfs psf 0 01 TE 0 00 0 05 0 05 0 00 0 01 0 0100 0 080 0 05 0 00 0 00 work F 2 55 5 44 5 05 0 47 0 51 0 0100 0 075 1 20 3 06 0 29 2 01 aA 10 10 10 77 10 00 0 94 1 01 0 0100 0 070 2 04 20 60 0 59 Sil E 0 10 10 03 10 03 0 01 0 01 0 0100 0 080 0 09 0 01 0 01 201 0 10 10 03 10 02 d 0 01 0 0100 0 080 0 09 0 01 0 01 2 01 T 10 30 30 82 30 05 0 33 0 34 0 0100 2 00 20 62 0 21 3 01 a 20 10 10 77 10 00 1 87 2 01 0 0100 0 065 3 48 69 88 1 16 3 01 B 11 37 12 72 12 52 0 89 0 91 0 0100 0 070 1 98 22 51 0 56 3 01 C 11 37 12 72 12 52 0 89 0 91 0 0100 0 070 1 98 22 51 0 56 gir T 42 85 36 21 35 05 1 16 1 22 0 0100 2 68 114 89 0 74 4 00 A 30 00 10 77 10 00 2 79 3 00 0 0100 0 060 4 92 147 48 1 74 4 00 B 25 00 15 39 15 00 1 62 1 67 0 0100 0 060 3 43 85 81 1 01 4 00 c 25 00 15 39 15 00 1 62 1 67 0 0100 0 060 3 43 85 81 1 01 4 00 T 80 00 41 54 40 00 1 93 2 00 0 0100 3 99 319 10 1 20 STAGE ALPHA FROUDE 0 01 1 000000 0 129194 1 01 1 000000 0 297394 2 01 1 037301 0 602682 3 01 1 235911 0 427360 4 00 1 100321 0 497049 Figure 5 9 Example Problem 1 output file As a simple verification exercise we will carry out the computations for estimated discharge by hand for the high elevation of 288 feet in order to verify the progr
44. RO Version 3 0 SBI A Manning s n window will appear for each section defined A dashed vertical section boundary line on the cross section plot will indicate the right edge of the section under consideration and the horizontal limits of the current section are displayed in the window s title bar A dashed horizontal line will be drawn on the cross section plot for each of the stages entered in the Manning s n window After the stage and Manning s n information has been entered for one section click on the Next button and the window for the next section will appear WinXSPRO begins with the leftmost section and proceeds across the channel to the right When the information has been entered for the last section click on the Calc button to complete the analysis and view the output file If you are dealing with multiple sub sections in your analysis the Back button may be used to back up to the Manning s dialog for a previous subsection 4 9 Pull down Menus There are seven basic pull down menus available in WinXSPRO Plan Edit Toolbox Options View Window and Help Not all options under each menu are available at all locations within the program e g plotting options are not available until you have a plot window open Unavailable options will appear in gray instead of black letters Options will be unavailable if you have not performed an operation or condition to activate them 4 9 1 Plan Menu The options found under this menu are N
45. SCHARGE RATING CURVE Defines a relationship between discharge and water surface elevation at a given location 84 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 5533 STEADY FLOW Flow that does not vary with time STREAM POWER The product of bed shear stress and mean cross sectional velocity at a cross section for a given flow STREAM PROFILE A plot of the elevation of a streambed versus distance along the stream SUBCRITICAL FLOW The state of flow where the water depth is above the critical depth Here the influence of gravity forces dominate the influences in inertial forces and flow having a low velocity is often described as tranquil SUPERCRITICAL FLOW The state of flow where the water depth is below the critical depth inertial forces dominate the gravitational forces and the flow is described as rapid or shooting SUSPENDED BED MATERIAL LOAD That portion of the suspended load that is composed of particle sizes found in the bed material SUSPENDED LOAD Includes both suspended bed material load and wash load Sediment that moves in suspension is continuously supported in the water column by fluid turbulence Contrast with BED LOAD SUSPENDED SEDIMENT DISCHARGE The quantity of suspended sediment passing a cross section in a unit of time usually given in tons day See SUSPENDED LOAD TURBULENCE In general terms the irregular motion of a flowing fluid UNIFORM FLOW Flow that does not vary with distance i e the mean velocity and depth remain the s
46. T File Name File Name Input File Select Modify Data Output File Select Data Collection Method Rod and Level 7 Mipil Overwrite Append Data Format Position Elevation Free Form M Units Units le Feet Meters Centimeters Qe eter ANALYSIS Analysis Procedure Hydraulics x Resistance Equation Thorne amp Zevenbergen zi rose Section Number fi d84 Particle Diameter fi 000 d84 Units Survey Date 1279797 Feet Millimeters Plan Comment For Help press Help button NUM Figure 4 1 Main plan window A plan consists of the grouping of parameters options and input and output files shown in Figure 4 1 These are described in more detail in subsequent sections A plan has the file extension xsp and is nothing but a convenient way to store the input parameters when the user first enters the values This helps the user have future runs of the program using the same data set without having to re enter the input parameters Any particular project you may be working on will probably have several different plans For convenience a subdirectory folder should be created that will contain all the plans for each particular project Examples of project subdirectories with plans in them include C WINXSPRO BEAVER Subdirectory for Beaver Creek plans BCXS1 XSP Cross Section 1 BCXS2 XSP Cross Section 2 C DEER_M32 Subdirect
47. USDA WinXSPRO A Channel Cross E l Section Analyzer User s Manual United States n Department Ve rs l O n 3 D 0 n of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain f i Research Station Thomas Hardy Palavi Panja and Dean Mathias General Technical Report RMRS GTR 147 January 2005 jp eli My p Cross Section 0 133 0 313 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 0 5 0 0 Stage fl fae WinExample out sq ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft s cfs 0 50 T 3 89 13 70 13 45 0 28 0 29 0 0100 0 060 1 07 4 17 0 0 70 T 6 64 14 43 14 07 0 46 0 47 0 0110 0 059 1 57 10 43 0 0 90 T 9 52 15 17 14 69 0 63 0 65 0 0120 0 059 2 04 19 45 0 1 10 T 12 55 16 56 16 00 0 76 0 78 0 0130 0 058 2 45 30 69 0 1 30 T 15 90 17 82 17 11 0 89 0 93 0 0140 0 057 2 87 45 60 0 1 50 T 19 35 18 30 17 32 1 06 1 12 0 0150 0 056 3 37 65 13 0 1 70 T 22 83 18 79 17 54 1 22 1 30 0 0160 0 056 3 87 88 31 l 1 90 T 26 36 19 25 17 72 1 37 1 49 0 0170 0 055 4 38 115 34 l 2 10 T 29 92 19 71 17 90 1 52 1 67 0 0180 0 054 4 89 146 30 l 2 30 T 33 52 20 17 18 08 1 66 1 85 0 0190 0 053 5 41 181 37 l 2 50 T 37 30 21 72 19 43 1 72 1 92 0 0200 0 053 5 76 214 68 2 Hardy Thomas Palavi Panja and Dean Mathias 2005 WinXSPRO A Channel Cross Section Analyzer User s Manual Version 3 0 Gen Tech Rep RMRS GTR 147 Fort Collins CO U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station 94 p ABSTRACT WinXSPRO is an i
48. a Mean Depth Top Width Hydraulic Radius Wetted Perimeter Figure 2 1 Computational elements of hydraulic properties Once the channel geometry has been computed for a given stage an estimate of mean cross section velocity is needed to produce an estimate of streamflow Analysis of the momentum and energy equations requires that under certain streamflow conditions gravitational forces that cause water to move downhill are balanced by frictional forces at the channel boundary that tend to resist the downhill flow Under these conditions it is possible to estimate resistance to flow and hence mean velocity at the channel cross section Thus various resistance equations have been developed for estimating mean velocity as a function of cross section hydraulic parameters Sediment transport relations have also been developed based on hydraulic parameters most notably shear stress and velocity For steep streams sediment transport is mostly as bed load i e by particles rolling or sliding along the streambed or moving by short jumps saltating For streams with smaller gradients transport generally will occur as both bed load and suspended load where some particles are supported above the bed by turbulence and transported at about the local flow velocity Theoretical Basis 5 Ga OO ee ae See 2 2 General Assumptions and Limitations As indicated the mean velocity of streamflow in a cross section can be computed when certain f
49. a sediment particle value of the Froude number at nominal initial sediment motion area of the streambed occupied by a particle cross sectional area of a particle perpendicular to the flow length of intermediate axis of a sediment particle or wake height length of shortest axis of a sediment particle coefficient in the Ackers White sediment transport function drag coefficient intermediate diameter for the 35 percentile particle size intermediate diameter for the 50 percentile particle size intermediate diameter for the 84 percentile particle size dimensionless grain size parameter maximum depth at section mean depth dimensionless mobility number acceleration due to gravity Gini coefficient dimensionless general sediment transport depth at flow subsection 1 for metric units and 1 486 for English units or von Karman s constant 0 40 eddy viscosity in Nelson et al 1991 resistance method length scale in Nelson et al 1991 resistance method correction factor for degree of meandering in Cowan s formula for Manning s n or exponent in the Ackers White sediment transport function Manning s roughness coefficient or Ackers White transition exponent partial n value in Cowan s formula for Manning s n where i b 1 2 3 or 4 bed load flux per unit width dimensionless bed load flux sediment discharge hydraulic radius specific gravity energy slope equal to water surface slope for assumed uniform flow condition
50. a wie 49 Formate a a EG eS 46 Printe hss eunion naaa 40 Printing deien a ESN 41 SAVING ae e E TE 47 Compare ATreas ceeeesseceeeeeeees 42 50 68 Computer Requirements s sseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeee 3 Cross section Window 36 37 47 56 Data Collection Method ssesseesesseeeesee 36 Edit Mehteran ai o 42 Error and Warning Messages 86 Field Procedures seeeeeeeeeeeeeeen 2 22 Files Chart Export File Formats 46 49 Creating Modifying Input File Data 30 Input File Data Format eee 32 Input File Selection 2 20 c0al deen 30 WS CANARIO nerina an 27 Output Pile vie genine 51 Flow Resistance Equations ceseeeeeeee 5 Gini Coefficient eee eeeeeeeeeeeee 17 44 70 Glossary reei eta EE 79 Grain Size Analysis 0 00 ceeeeceeeseeeesteeeees 42 Helpantino 27 46 50 51 Hey Equation ssseeeeeeeeeee 13 14 35 63 64 Hydraulic Radius4 6 7 11 12 13 14 15 34 51 52 61 63 65 66 67 76 81 83 Installation 20 0 ccccccceeeseeeeeeees 3 27 41 Jarrett s Equation ceeeeee 14 15 30 75 Manning Window ssceeeseeeeeeeeees 37 58 Manning s n 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 26 30 34 37 38 56 65 70 81 93 Mean Depth 1 4 7 12 13 26 76 82 Modify Discharge n 42 45 Nelson et al Method 00 15 16 35 37 Options Menut cic2scisiitneeeetiacd 40 46 Output Files 28 35 36 37 38 39 44 45 48
51. active window Choose from this list to change active windows Help Menu The Help menu offers the following commands that provide you with assistance 4 10 Index Offers an index of topics on which help is available Using Help Provides general instructions on how to use the help system About Displays the version number and date of this application Toolbar Many of the toolbar icons duplicate options found under the pull down menus see Section 4 9 The following icons are available fe eee e me IS E Create New Plan Opens a new Plan Input Screen Open Existing Plan Provides a dialog to open an existing plan XSP file Save Current Plan Saves the current plan If current plan has not been previously saved will provide a Save As dialog box Run Current Plan Executes the analysis of the current plan Cut Selected Text Removes selected text from the current file and places on the clipboard Copy Selected Text Copies selected text from the current file and places on the clipboard Paste From Clipboard Inserts the clipboard contents into the document at the cursor location Compare Areas Brings up the calculator to compare areas see Section 4 9 2 1 Plot Parameters Lets you create 2 D plots Y vs X from WinXSPRO output files Running WinXSPRO 51 Print Selected Output File After the analysis has been completed will print the output file to the selected printer About Provides information
52. ains numerous enhancements and improvements derived from user input and feedback from using previous versions of the software Programming and document revision was supervised by Dr Thomas Hardy Utah State University Institute for Natural Systems Engineering while programming changes were made by Mrs Palavi Panja and Mr Dean Mathias The authors wish to thank the numerous Forest Service and other users who tested earlier versions identified glitches and provided useful suggestions for improving the program We especially wish to thank Dr Gordon Grant Dr Jon Nelson Jim Fogg and Toby Hanes for critical review of the software and documentation Finally we wish to thank Larry Schmidt and John Potyondy of the Stream Systems Technology Center for their leadership and diligent work in making this Windows version of the WinXSPRO program a reality iii DISCLAIMER This software is in the public domain and the recipient may not assert any proprietary rights thereto nor represent it to anyone as other than a Government produced program WinXSPRO is provided as is without warranty of any kind including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose The user assumes all responsibility for the accuracy and suitability of this program for a specific application In no event will the USDA Forest Service WEST Consultants Inc or Utah State University be liable for any damages includ
53. am results Since the geometric and hydraulic parameters are identical for sections 1 and 3 computations will be carried out only for section 1 We must first compute the areas A of each of our subsections The area of section 1 can be determined by breaking it up into a triangle and a rectangle The area of section 2 can determined by breaking it up into a rectangle and two triangles A Area of triangle Area of rectangle A 1 2 Base Height Base Height A 1 2 5 2 10 2 25 sq ft stole Problems 61 A2 Area of rectangle Area of triangles A2 Base Height 2 1 2 Base Height Az 10 2 2 1 2 5 2 30 sq ft The wetted perimeter P of each subsection is then computed The wetted perimeter is defined as the length of the channel cross section that is in contact with the water The length of the sloped portions of the channel can be found by applying the Pythagorean Theorem In this channel the sloped portions of sections 1 amp 2 happen to be the same length Pythagorean Theorem a b c where a and b c lengths of sides that are perpendicular to one another length of hypotenuse Thus in the case of our channel a 2 b 5 and c y2 5 5 385 P length of sloped portion length of bottom 5 385 10 15 385 ft P2 length of two sloped portions 2 5 385 10 770 ft From the area and the wetted perimeter the hydraulic radius R of each subsection can be found R A P Ry 2
54. ame at all sections along the channel VELOCITY COEFFICIENT This coefficient symbolized by reflects the uneven distribution of velocities across a cross section WASH LOAD That part of the suspended load that is finer than the bed material Wash load is limited by supply rather than hydraulics What grain sizes constitute wash load varies with flow and location in a stream Sampling procedures that measure suspended load will include both wash load and suspended and material load Normally that is of sediment particles smaller than 0 062 mm WATER COLUMN An imaginary vertical column of water used as a control volume for computational purposes Usually the size of a unit area and as deep as the depth of water at that location in the river WATER DISCHARGE See STREAM DISCHARGE WATER SURFACE PROFILE See STREAM PROFILE Bppendix C 85 WATERSHED A topographically defined area drained by a river stream or system of connecting rivers streams such that all outflow is discharged through a single outlet Also called a drainage area WETTED PERIMETER The wetted perimeter is the length of the wetted contact between a stream of flowing water and its containing channel measured in a direction normal to the flow Table C 1 Sediment Size Classes USGS Methods for Water Data Acquisition Table 3 2 1978 American Society of Engineering Sediment Engineering Table 2 1 1977 Figure C 1 Class Name Size mm Colloid lt 0 00024
55. ams of equal order or drainage area 2 6 Sediment Transport WinXSPRO supports one bed load transport function appropriate for gravel bed steams and one bed material load transport function appropriate for sand bed streams The bed load function is that of Parker 1990 The Parker 1990 relation estimates the quantity of material rolling sliding or jumping saltating along the bed through the given cross section The bed material load function that of Ackers and White 1973 calculates the total bed material load being transported through the cross section i e 18 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 eae bed load plus suspended bed material load These methods are described in more detail below All the sediment transport calculations in WinXSPRO use a single representative grain size to compute sediment load 2 6 1 Parker 1990 Function The original Parker equation 1982 was developed using field data collected from Oak Creek Oregon and several other gravel bed rivers It allows computation of the sediment flux in a gravel bed channel using mean grain size by applying a similarity argument for the fluxes in various grain size classes Parker 1982 estimates the total bed load flux over a poorly sorted gravel bed by dp q 22 l 9 p q w Y 10 eS 11 i p p gd oe where qz is the bed load flux per unit width p and p are water and sediment density respectively and d is the mean grain size of the surface layer 0 0025exp 14
56. arrower Conversely a decrease indicates the channel is becoming flatter and wider Changes in cross section shape can affect hydraulic and geomorphic processes which in turn can influence stream biota Change in area indices do not always describe channel form Observational assessments of stream form to estimate roughness coefficients or to determine habitat suitability are stage dependent as are measurements of width depth w d to estimate water discharge In contrast permanent measurements of channel cross sections are not influenced by water level Water level can be noted however during critical times to allow for evaluation of underwater channel shape or usable fish habitat A w d value from permanent transects gives a relative indication of channel shape However because the width is fixed this ratio can be misleading The Gini coefficient is another repeatable index that quantifies stream channel form independent of stage height and cross sectional area The direction and magnitude of change in G over time describes whether a channel is becoming wider and flatter or narrower and deeper in response to management or natural events Because many fish species prefer cool slow deep channels early detection of changes in channel form may be important to fisheries management Note that because channel width increases faster than depth in downstream progression all index comparisons should be made over time at the same location or between stre
57. ation of a section e g pool run or riffle must be distinguished from the more constant slope of the entire reach see Grant et al 1990 for a detailed discussion on recognition and characteristics of channel units Water surface slope in individual channel units may change significantly with changes in stage and discharge as shown in Figure 3 3 while the slope of the entire reach will remain essentially unchanged Thus at low flow the slope of the individual channel unit will have a strong influence on the stage discharge relationship while at high water the average slope of the reach will control the stage discharge relationship This is an important distinction for the WinXSPRO software which allows the user to specify different slopes for high and low water stages For this reason when water surface slopes are surveyed in the field low water slope may be approximated by the change in elevation over the individual channel unit where the cross section is located approximately 1 to 5 channel widths in length while high water slope is obtained by measuring the change in elevation over a much longer reach of channel usually at least 15 to 20 channel widths in length An estimate of the high water slope can also be obtained by measuring the slope from one channel feature to another such as from the top of one riffle to the top of the next riffle in the stream 3 3 2 Bed Material Particle Size Distribution Computing mean velocity with
58. bed channels note that any consistent set of units may be used with these equations For small relative roughness values relative submergence R dgs greater than 1 Thorne and Zevenbergen recommended an equation developed by Hey 1979 for estimating mean cross section velocity a RS 5 62 log 3 14 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 aaa a 11 1 5 4 where V mean cross section velocity ft s g acceleration due to gravity ft s ds4 intermediate axis for the 84th percentile particle size ft and Diax maximum depth of section ft Similarly for large relative roughness values relative submergence R ds4 less than or equal to 1 Thorne and Zevenbergen recommended Bathurst s 1978 equation for estimating mean cross section velocity y E R ne aa n g8RS 0 365d D A 0 039 0 131o 6 ds where D mean flow depth ft or m and W water surface width ft or m WinXSPRO supports these formulas as an option for calculating mean cross section velocity However in applying these formulas to a cross section analysis the assumptions of the equations must be considered i e that channel gradients generally exceed 1 percent channel beds are predominately cobble and boulder substrate and relative roughness is large Thorne and Zevenbergen 1985 reported average errors of only 6 percent when using the Hey equation for small values of relative roughness relative submergence R d
59. c data for those areas should be removed for the range of flows where the channel banks are not overtopped A cross section can be subdivided into a maximum of five subsections see section 4 7 2 for additional description of subsections For any given stage the energy slope is assumed to be the same for each subsection and the discharge is computed separately for each of these subsections The discharges from each subsection are added for the total section discharge Theoretical Basis 17 SSS Ge a 2 5 Gini Coefficient The Gini coefficient G describes the distribution of channel depth measurements and thus the channel cross sectional shape This coefficient was adapted from economics and plant population biology and its application to stream channels was presented by Olson Rutz and Marlow 1992 The Gini coefficient G is the arithmetic average of the differences between all pairs of depths Y Y n n pao i l j l G 8 2n Y ies 8 Y Y where n is the number measured depths and Yavg is the average depth It equals a minimum value of 0 when all depths are equal A wide flat channel has a low G value In contrast a deep and narrow channel has a greater distribution of depths and the Gini coefficient approaches its maximum value of 1 The change in the Gini coefficient for a cross section over time describes the change in channel shape An increase in the Gini coefficient indicates the channel is becoming deeper and n
60. cross section Complete details about the theoretical basis and the equations used in the computations can be found in Nelson et al 1991 2 4 Subdivision of Cross Sections Natural channel cross sections are rarely perfectly uniform and it may be necessary to analyze hydraulics in a very irregularly shaped cross section Frequently high gradient streams have overflow channels on one or both sides that carry water only during unusual high flow events Even in channels of fairly regular cross section overbank areas convey water at discharges above bank full These areas usually have hydraulic properties significantly different from those of the main channel Generally overflow channels and overbank areas are treated as separate subchannels When subdividing a channel cross section into main channel side channels and overbank areas WinXSPRO assumes frictionless vertical divisions smooth glass walls between individual subsections The assumption of negligible shear between subsections avoids the formidable task of estimating small energy losses due to friction and momentum exchange between adjacent moving bodies of water WinXSPRO also assumes that flow can access each subsection as the stage reaches the lowest elevation of that subsection i e the overflow channel or overbank area is not blocked off from the flow at some upstream location such as in a leveed channel If the user desires to exclude these areas from consideration the geometri
61. ct solution entails measuring stream discharge and dividing by the cross sectional flow area to obtain a mean velocity The mean velocity hydraulic radius roughly equal to mean depth for wide channels and water surface slope are entered into Manning s equation and the equation is solved directly for the roughness coefficient n This approach gives an estimate of n that is as accurate as the associated measurement of discharge cross sectional area and water surface slope However the n value obtained is only applicable to the particular stage and cross sectional geometry at which the flow was measured Even at a given stage the n value can vary seasonally due to vegetation and temperature effects Since the features of channel roughness that contribute to energy dissipation will vary with water level nalso will vary with water level therefore it is desirable to directly estimate n at more than one level of streamflow Most authors cited have found that n values decrease with increasing stage at least up to bank full flow If streamflow can be measured at several different stages n may be calculated for a range of flows and the relationship between n and stage determined The second method for estimating n values at a cross section involves comparing the reach to a similar measured reach for which Manning s n has already been computed This is probably the quickest and most commonly used procedure for estimating Manning s n and is usually done
62. cting Load will produce the Open File dialog from which a file may be chosen The Export button will activate a Save As dialog for the user to name the exported file the file type and the location where the file will reside 4 9 5 View Menu The options under this menu are Toolbar and Status Bar A check will be placed to the side of any option when it is displayed 4 9 5 1 Toolbar The toolbar is displayed across the top of the application window below the menu bar The toolbar provides quick mouse access to many tools used in WinXSPRO The keyboard shortcut for hiding or displaying the toolbar is ALT V T A description of the icons found in the toolbar is offered in Section 4 10 4 9 5 2 Status Bar Use this command to display and hide this status bar which describes the action to be executed by the selected menu item or depressed toolbar button and the keyboard latch state i e if the Caps lock Num lock and Scroll lock are on 4 9 6 Window Menu The following options are available under the Window Menu Cascade Arranges windows in a cascading overlapped fashion Tile Arranges windows in non overlapped tiles Arrange Icons Arranges the icons of minimized windows at the bottom of the main window Note that some or all of these icons may not be visible if an open plan window overlaps them 50 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 OOOO ULU 4 9 7 Window 1 2 Displays a list of currently open windows A check mark appears in front of the
63. d To define a section boundary enter the horizontal position station at which you want the boundary The actual position of the boundary will be shown in the next field over and the boundary will appear on the plot in the cross section window If you wish to change this boundary simply enter a new station value in the boundary field Subsection boundaries are not allowed in undercut areas if the Undercut Bank format is being used Up to five sections four unique boundaries may be defined Each section will then be analyzed separately In the output file the total cross section discharge for the current stage will be the sum of all of the separate section discharges Examples of use of the section boundaries are shown in Chapter 5 4 8 Manning s n Window If you are performing a hydraulic analysis with the User Supplied Manning s n resistance method this window will appear after the stage and section window is completed Because the roughness values can vary with flow depth you may specify both low and high stage n values These low and high stages can be different from the ones used to define the boundaries of the analysis in the stage and section window For example n values calculated from field discharge measurements can be used WinXSPRO will linearly interpolate a Manning s n value for each incremental stage and will compute a flow weighted average for the output summary WinXSPRO will not accept an n value of less than 0 01 38 WinXSP
64. e if you wish to make plots from a plan that was previously analyzed it is not necessary to re analyze the plan first Also note that the number of data points used in the plots is directly related to the stage increment chosen for your plan 48 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 be ie pee Je wxspro20 sample out Area O Area c wxspro20 sample3 out PERIM PERIM C WIDTH C WIDTH X Overlay Input File 2 CR OR DHYD C DHYD SLOPE C SLOPE On On VAYG VAVG oa Ca ps0 C SHEAR C SHEAR rd Inches C SHIELDS SHEAR C SHIELDS SHEAR Millimeter C FROUDE C FROUDE i O C ALPHA P AE C CONVEYANCE Figure 4 6 Plot parameters dialog box Sometimes it is useful to overlay data points from a second output file onto your plot For example you might want to see how the change in a cross section s shape with time has affected its computed stage discharge curve To include data points from a second output file click on the Overlay Input File 2 box When this box is checked you may then enter the second file name directly in the File 2 field or search for the file clicking on the File 2 button Clicking on the Plot button will then overlay the two plots for the selected parameters When changing the plot settings with the other features of the Options pull down menu Axis Legend etc the input File 1 curve is the default active curve to which the changes will apply If you wish to change the settings for the input File 2
65. e requested files simply double click on the WinXSPRO icon to begin using the program 28 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 oI SaaS 4 2 1 Uninstall Use the Windows Control Panel and the Add Remove Programs feature to uninstall WinXSPRO When Windows has finished uninstalling the software the WinXSPRO directory located where you indicated it to be created at install time can be deleted 4 3 Overview of Program Use Use of WinXSPRO can be divided into two main areas Geometric and Hydraulic Analysis and utility programs from the Toolbox The Toolbox programs are described under the Pull down Menus heading in Section 4 9 To perform a geometric or hydraulic analysis the following steps are taken 1 Create a plan addressed in Section 4 4 2 Fill in the necessary data fields on the Main Plan Window described in Section 4 5 3 Run the analysis either by clicking on the Run button shown in Figure 4 1 selecting Run from the Plan pull down menu described in Section 4 9 1 or clicking on the Run icon from the Toolbar discussed in Section 4 10 4 Fill out the necessary fields in the Stage and Section Window 5 When you have finished click on the Cale button After the analysis is completed the output file will be displayed on your screen in its own window The above description is valid except when analyzing hydraulics using the user supplied Manning s n approach For the Manning s n analysis there is an additional step between St
66. e bed load rating curve is displayed in one window and the bed load output file is displayed in a separate window The text output file will be saved in the current directory with the same name as the input file but with the extension P90 The output file consists of two parts The first part lists the output by subsection if being used including the width shear stress discharge and bed load discharge The second part immediately below contains three columns the first column contains the stage values the second has the discharge values and the third contains the sediment discharge values 4 9 3 4 Bed Load Discharge This selection will compute and plot the annual sediment yield for the year of daily stream flow values included in the analysis You must supply an input file name usually the results from your sediment rating curve file i e having an extension of P90 or ACK and a discharge file name the discharge file must have a DIS extension If you have not already run the bed load rating curve option you will be told to do so before continuing The DIS file contains one water year of discharge data for the given site and each line of data will contain two numbers in the first column the water day 1 through 365 and in the second column the discharge value WinXSPRO assumes that the units of the discharge values are in cubic meters per second if the sediment rating curve file see sections 4 9 3 3 and 4 9 3 6 has metric units and i
67. e file exists 28 There is no entry for discharge In the Modify Discharge Window Discharge file field is empty Enter the original unmodified discharge file name 29 The Bed load rating curve file X Invalid file name path was provided for the does not exist Check the site Bed load Rating Curve window Check the name and its path path and file name and make sure the file exists 30 The discharge file X does not Invalid file name path was provided for the exist Check the file name and its discharge input file Check the path and file path name and make sure the file exists 31 The data file for this site does not Invalid file name or path Check the path and exist file name and make sure the file exists 32 The Bed load data file does not Invalid file name or path Check the path and exist for this site file name and make sure the file exists 33 There is no Bed load equation Need to select one of the provided Bed load selected equations before analysis can be performed 34 There is no grain size analysis Need to select an analysis method before selected analysis can be performed 35 The survey file for this site does An invalid file name or path is entered in the not exist Modify Discharge window 36 Ackers White using D50 This method can generate negative computed concentration less than concentrations These will be set to zero in the Zero output file 37 There is no entry for input file No input file is entered En
68. e keyboard or the icon from the toolbar see Section 4 10 4 9 1 4 Save As Use this command to save and name the active plan If you open a plan and use Save As to save a modified version under a different plan name the original plan will not be affected To save a plan with its existing name and directory use the Save command With the Save As command WinXSPRO displays the Save As dialog box so you can name your plan This dialog box contains the following fields File Name Type a new file name to save a plan with a different name A filename can contain more than eight characters acceptable to Windows and an extension of up to three characters You will receive a warning if the file already exists and will be asked if you wish to overwrite the existing file Naming a plan with other than the xsp will result in the file not being visible when using the default Open menu when selecting a plan to analyze Drives Select the drive in which you want to store the plan Directories Select the directory in which you want to store the plan Network Choose this button to connect to a network location assigning it a new drive letter 4 9 1 5 Run This command initiates the analysis using the parameters and selections in the active plan Shortcuts to use this command are CTRL R from the keyboard or the run icon from the toolbar see Section 4 10 Note that if the Output Mode on the Main Plan Window is set to Overwrite selecting the R
69. e nee a a e E eS Oe ae E N vi atei olre aa REA Dorae LOTSA Riga soso EEE AE E eas oes wade E E EE E 1 1 1 Purp se of WV ATIC SER cha estar situ ie A Va eee alte Ja ll the 1 1 2 Applcati ns OF Wit XSERO a5 oc oc stscnectciag cease ovaedeaeseacadea n a oa ea aa i isat 1 1 3 Overview of User s Manual sssseessesssesssesesseeesseesserssessseeessseesseesseesseesseeetsseessresseesset 2 LAR Featur sof WINX SPRO 550021 so e e r ae aaa a OES Sae a GED N 3 1 5 Computer REQUITEMENIS nesete ennsti nanan nnn n avs a a a ia 3 Chapter 2 Theoretical Basisrente E D Eer AS rE EOR TNS 4 2 1 Ceea a a 4 2 2 General Assumptions and Limitations 0 eccssccessceeoneeeceeeeecenseeceseecenseccenseesentees 5 2 3 Flow Resistance Equations oneeneoenseeeseeeeeersoeerooeesssessesrserrsooessoreesessseeeseerseoeerssessesee 5 2 4 SUDCIVISION Of Cross SECHONS ys eseni ka a a EE E E NE hansen 16 2 5 Gini GOB EM OTETIG va soesactsruas est ne a E E SEE ENEE ESEESE o ie 17 2 6 Sediment Transport sectiei ea E E E EE Ea aa so R ES 17 Chapter 3 Field Procedures and Techniques cc sssesgstdvesseigiest esengais acca stagunssaaedecesassesedesaevnetaaseeans 22 3 1 Generalo e innne en ise E E A a E E Ea 22 3 2 REACH SNC CEU S na E i E a E E A anion 22 3 3 PUG HE Korea 0 aE E EE E T TSE AA TE 23 Chapter4 Runnin Win XSPRO aai ae ea aE AE E E E RE ERE 27 a WORS EE A E E R T 27 AD Program Installations srne era Walaa E a aiaa sa aeiiaaie 27 4 3 Ove r
70. ea under the water surface elevation line and the bed topography to derive the cross sectional area i e Simpson s rule is a formula that gives a numerical approximation to the value of a definite integral Plot Manipulation The Copy button will send the image of the overlaid cross sections to the clipboard from which it may be pasted into other Windows applications The Print button will cause a dialog box to appear to set the print options Gini Coefficient Calculation To calculate the Gini coefficient of each of the sections and the difference between the two values click on the Gini button A dialog will then appear showing the computed values Note that WinXSPRO calculates each Gini coefficient independently therefore each cross section may have a different number of measured depths data points However to correctly compare the change in Gini coefficient between the two cross sections as described in Olson Rutz and Marlow 1992 the two cross sections should have the same number of measured depths data points 4 9 3 2 Grain Size Analysis This selection will provide output of the cumulative grain size for the a b or c axes downstream length cross stream length vertical length exposure or equivalent spherical diameter You will be queried for a site name WinXSPRO will then look for the file sitename dat which contains the sediment data and the user must also select the axis to be analyzed An ASCII output file si
71. ect and that the file exists 14 File does not exist Please select a different input file An invalid file name or path has been entered for the input data file in the main plan window Check to see that the name and path are correct and that the file exists 15 X Cannot fine this file Please verify that the correct path and file name are given An invalid file name or path has been entered Check to see that the name and path are correct and that the file exists 16 There are no stable points specified for input file X Please specify the stable point For analysis requiring a stable point e g area comparison file X must have a stable point specified Specify the stable point in the input file using the input data editor or any text editor 17 Invalid data for Horizontal Boundary Data is outside the valid range in Area Comparison Enter a value in the allowed range 18 Horizontal Boundaries cannot be equal Please correct value s For the Area Comparison the two boundaries cannot be the same station 19 Left Horizontal Boundary cannot be bigger or equal to Right Horizontal Boundary Please make the correction and try again For the Area Comparison the value or the left boundary must be less than the value of the right boundary Enter a new boundary value 20 Some discharges are lower than the computed range Bed load discharge for these points is set at 0
72. ection geometry obstructions to flow caused by large roughness elements such as channel bars large boulders and woody debris or other features that cause convergence divergence acceleration or deceleration of flow Figure 2 2 Resistance equations also may be used to evaluate these non uniform flow conditions gradually varied flow however energy transition calculations backwater must then be included in the analysis This requires the use of multiple transect numerical models e g HEC 2 HEC RAS WSPRO 2 3 Flow Resistance Equations WinXSPRO supports four sets of resistance equations for estimating mean velocity at a cross section Each equation or set of equations was developed from specific sets of data therefore use of a particular resistance formula to estimate velocity is subject to the limitations of the data used to develop that formula as well as the assumptions of the formula itself Also because each resistance equation estimates channel resistance or roughness in a slightly different way the different formulas may require different inputs from the user and will likely produce somewhat different results Selection of the appropriate resistance equation requires understanding the assumptions and limitations of each approach 6 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 eS Constriction SWE Figure 2 2 Typical channel configurations that disrupt uniform flow 2 3 1 Manning s Equation WinXSPRO supports the use of Manning s eq
73. el n value Example conditions adjustment Medium 0 010 0 025 Turf grass growing where the average depth of flow is from one to two times the height of the vegetation moderately dense stemmy grass weeds or tree seedlings growing where the average depth of flow is from two to three times the height of the vegetation brushy moderately dense vegetation similar to 1 to 2 year old willow trees in the dormant season growing along the banks and no significant vegetation along the channel bottoms where the hydraulic radius exceeds 2 feet Amount of 0 025 0 050 Turf grass growing where the average depth of vegetation n4 flow is about equal to the height of vegetation continued 8 to 10 year old willow or cottonwood trees intergrown with some weeds and brush none of the vegetation in foliage where the hydraulic radius exceeds 2 feet bushy willows about 1 year old intergrown with some weeds along side slopes all vegetation in full foliage and no significant vegetation along channel bottoms where the hydraulic radius is greater than 2 feet Very Large 0 050 0 100 Turf grass growing where the average depth of flow is less than half the height of vegetation bushy willow trees about year old intergrown with weeds along the side slopes all vegetation in full foliage or dense cattails growing along channel bottom trees intergrown with weeds and brush all vegetation in full foliage Adjustments for degree of irregularity va
74. elect a field press Alt X hold down the Alt button while pressing X where X is the letter underlined in the field name 2 To advance from one dialog box field to the next use the Tab key Use Shift Tab to move to the previous field Help is available from within the program by using one of three methods 1 Click on specially placed help buttons within selected windows for context sensitive help 2 Select Help from the pull down menu for an index of subjects or instructions on how to use the help system 3 Click on the help button from the toolbar help on Windows items only A more detailed description of the help system is provided in Section 4 9 6 4 2 Program Installation Place the WinXSPRO distribution CD into the CD ROM drive and double click on the file Setup WinX SPRO3_0 exe or download the file from the Internet to your hard drive and double click on it to begin installation Follow the instructions on the installation screen The setup program automatically installs files in a directory called WinXSPRO on drive C unless another subdirectory and or drive are specified using the Set Location button If you wish to put files in a subdirectory other than WinXSPRO click on the Set Location button and at the prompt type in the name of the directory where you wish the files installed WinXSPRO or any other directory entered will be created for you if it does not already exist After the setup program has completed installing th
75. en finished viewing choose Cancel to return to the Plan main window apponi C 79 Appendix C Glossary ACCURACY Degree of conformity of a measure to a standard or true value ALLUVIAL STREAM A stream whose channel boundary is composed of appreciable quantities of the sediments transported by the flow and which generally changes its bed forms as the rate of flow changes ARMOR LAYER See ARMORING ARMORING The process of progressive coarsening of the bed layer by removal of fine particles until it becomes resistant to scour The coarse layer that remains on the surface is termed the armor layer Armoring is a temporary condition higher flows may destroy an armor layer and it may re form as flows decrease Or simply the formation of a resistant layer of relatively large particles resulting from removal of finer particles by erosion BACKWATER PROFILE Longitudinal profile of the water surface in a stream where the water surface is raised above its normal level by a natural or artificial obstruction BED FORMS Irregularities found on the bottom bed of a stream that are related to flow characteristics They are given names such as dunes ripples and antidunes They are related to the transport of sediment and interact with the flow because they change the roughness of the streambed An analog to streambed forms are desert sand dunes although the physical mechanisms for their creation and movement may be different
76. ep 4 and Step 5 where window s are presented for you to assign roughness value s Example problems illustrating the use of the program are presented in Chapter 5 4 3 1 Renaming Files in Windows When creating files for input to WinXSPRO it is important to understand that many existing Windows programs assign their own default file name extensions e g txt csv To rename a file in Windows use Explorer or My Computer to display the file Highlight the file and then right click the file name Select the Rename option and then change the extension to the appropriate naming convention required by WinXSPRO e g sec for cross section files Ignore the Windows warning Tf you change a filename extension the file may become unstable The file will work just fine If data is created in Excel use the Save As menu item and then select the output format as Delimited Text file type Make sure to use Rename to modify the default file extension to the appropriate extension 4 4 Creating a Plan The first suggested step in using WinXSPRO consists of creating a plan Creating a plan is not required but often facilitates analysis When you first start the program your screen should look similar to Figure 4 1 the appearance may be slightly different for machines with different monitors Running WinXSPRO 29 WinXSPRO Plan Untitled of x Plan Edit Toolbox Options View Window Help Dez Coo Oe ee INPUT OUTPU
77. ere is no valid entry for Stage Increment There is no entry in the Stage Increment field of the Stage amp Section Window Enter a value 92 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 5553 eS Appendix E WinXSPRO Sample Files The directory SAMPLES distributed with the WinXSPRO program contains files that are known to work for the major features of the program If you encounter problems getting a particular feature to work substitute one of these files to help identify data formatting errors The information below provides addition information needed for some of the examples to produce reasonable results Typical Cross Sections File EXAMPLE SEC Example Creek is a typical gravel bed river cross section Data were collected with a rod and level the tape was horizontal and the data are in position elevation format The slope of the reach is 0 01 Bankfull discharge occurs at an elevation of 98 46 feet stage 3 53 feet and bankfull discharge is estimated to be 237 cfs For the Thorne and Zevenbergen resistance equation use a dg4 of 225 mm Manning s n values of 0 06 are suggested for low flows low stage of 1 0 feet and values near 0 03 are suggested for flows near bankfull discharge high stage of 3 5 feet Set high stage to 5 0 if doing bed load computations using the example discharge file File SAMPLE SEC This file is the data file used in Example Problem 4 Cross Section With Undercut Banks File UNDERCUT SEC A typical cross section
78. estesseeseeseteseesesetesresseeest 43 Figute 4 6 Plot parameters dialog BOX js cicia fie x systacceaessvesee ius searre ie Aann ESPER SE RiR Eara 48 Figure 4 7 Sample output screen sssessesssessseseesseessrtsseesseeessrtssstesssresseesseesseeesseeesseesseesseesseeeesets 53 Figure 5 1 Example Cross SECU OMe sss esiis rises eis iesi agis aiats is h 54 Figure 5 2 Initial blank pl h sccsnusnducsninsiinasnnsi nann sna ais 55 Figure 5 3 Updated WinXSPRO plan window after cross section geometry file is selected 55 Figure 5 4 Updated WinXSPRO plan window after setting initial analysis options 56 Figure 5 5 WinXSPRO cross section plot and stage and section input form lee eeeeeeeeeeees 57 Figure 5 6 Completed stage and section form ssessseesessrresessersessresresseteresresstesreseresreseessressessresees 58 Figure 5 7 Manning s n input data screen for the first defined section seeececsereererrrererserereee 58 Figure 5 8 Stage and Manning s n values for the first left most section defined for the channel 59 Figure 5 9 Example Problem 1 output filesuji c csin detected denidnci adel ee ieee 60 Figure 5 10 Example Problem 2 output Tle2 neMinettit cick ieee castes erences asi M tt teatee times 63 Figure 5 11 Example Problem 3 definition sketch gc ics tcdsecsen eek edeklavaendivinseteieiedeediidied 65 Figure 5 12 Example Problem 3 output file rc scced shee sesn Sica det tes tate lyeandydo
79. ew Open Save Save As Run Preferences Print Print Preview Print Setup and Exit In addition the names of the last four plans that have been saved are displayed for easy access 4 9 1 1 New This option creates a new plan in WinXSPRO Shortcuts for performing this same task include using CTRL N from the keyboard or the Create New Plan icon in the toolbar see Section 4 10 4 9 1 2 Open This option accesses the Plan Open dialog box and allows you to open an existing plan This option can also be selected by using CTRL O from the keyboard or the Open Existing Plan button on the toolbar see Section 4 10 The Plan Open dialog box contains the following elements Plan Name Type or select the plan name you want to open This box lists Plans with the extension XSP Drives Select the drive in which WinXSPRO stores the plan that you want to open Directories Select the directory in which WinXSPRO stores the plan that you want to open Running WinXSPRO 39 Network Choose this button to connect to a network location assigning it a new drive letter 4 9 1 3 Save Use this command to save the active plan to its current name and directory When you save a document for the first time WinXSPRO displays the Save As dialog box so you can name your plan If you want to change the name and directory of an existing plan before you save it choose the Save As command see below Shortcuts for accessing the Save command are CTRL S from th
80. eyond the scope of this document to discuss all the intricacies of correct streamflow measurement techniques The reader is referred to Buchanan and Somers 1969 and Rantz et al 1982 for an in depth treatment of this subject Also Smoot and Novak 1968 present procedures for calibration and maintenance of current meters to ensure accurate measurement of velocity and discharge When equipment is functioning properly and standard procedures are followed correctly it is possible to measure streamflow to within 5 percent of the true value The data gathered from a standard discharge measurement also include information on top width and cross sectional area from which mean velocity and mean depth may be computed This information is extremely useful for improving quality of results from any channel cross section analysis program Running WinXSPRO 27 Chapter 4 Running WinXSPRO 4 1 Windows WinXSPRO was written for use under the Windows operating system it cannot be used from DOS It is assumed in this manual that the user has a rudimentary knowledge of Windows operating system and is familiar with the concepts of pull down menus buttons scroll bars opening closing moving resizing windows and so forth Although this program can be used without a mouse it is not recommended The instructions and examples herein will assume the user has a mouse If the keyboard is used instead of a mouse the usual Windows conventions apply 1 To s
81. file In the main Plan Window the entry for the Input File Name indicates an invalid or corrupted file Check the path and file name make sure the file exists and check file data format 46 There is no Column selected Cannot perform Delete Select a column before performing Delete Column in the data editor 47 There is no Row selected Cannot perform Delete Select a row before performing Delete Column in the data editor 48 Invalid entry Number of digits after decimal point valid range is 1 to 5 Under Plan menu preferences Analysis output format the valid range of decimal points is 1 to 5 49 One or more selected output columns has have no entry for number of digits after decimal point Please correct your selection Under Plan menu Preferences Analysis outpoint format there is one or more fields with no data Cannot set new configuration without filling all the fields 50 Invalid file Please check the original path of the output file and the version The Plan selected is invalid Make sure the Plan is created with WinXSPRO Version 2 0 or above 90 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 51 Invalid Plot Parameter Field s selected Unable to locate the field s in the output file The output file selected for Plot Parameters does not contain the selected parameters for plotting Make sure desired parameters are chosen using the Analysis Output format feature be
82. flow na er Surfa amp i gt Profile view Pool Plan view a Rife Figure 3 3 Diagram of longitudinal profile and plan view of a pool riffle sequence Water surface profiles in upper figure represent high intermediate and low flow conditions WinXSPRO supports resistance equations for estimating velocity in steep mountain rivers with bed particles that can be much coarser than the medium gravel limitation of FISP samplers In addition the bed load sediment transport functions in the program are intended for use with larger grain sizes often found in steep channels For these streams the most common method used to measure bed particle size is a pebble count Wolman 1954 in which at least 100 bed material particles are manually collected from the streambed and measured A grid pattern of sampling points is paced or staked along the stream and at each sample point a particle is retrieved from the bed and the intermediate axis not the longest or shortest axis is measured The measurements are tabulated as to number of particles occurring within predetermined size intervals and the percentage of the total in each interval is then 26 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 SEE determined Again the percentage in each interval is accumulated to give a particle size distribution and the particle size data are reported as described above Additional guidance for bed material sampling in coarse bed streams is provided in Yuzyk 1986 and
83. fluid 2 Solid materials sludges suspended in or settled from water A collective term meaning an accumulation of soil rock and mineral particles transported or deposited by flowing water SEDIMENT DISCHARGE The mass or volume of sediment usually mass passing a stream cross section in a unit of time The term may be qualified for example as suspended sediment discharge bed load discharge or total sediment discharge See SEDIMENT LOAD SEDIMENT LOAD A general term that refers to material in suspension and or in transport It is not synonymous with either discharge or concentration It may also refer to a particular type of load e g total suspended wash bed or material SEDIMENT PARTICLE Fragments of mineral or organic material in either a singular or aggregate state SHEAR STRESS Frictional force per unit of bed area exerted on the bed by the flowing water Equal toy RS where y is the unit weight of water R is the hydraulic radius and S is the energy slope An important factor in the movement of bed material SHIELD S SHEAR STRESS Equal to the ratio of the drag force to the gravitational force SIEVE DIAMETER The smallest standard sieve opening size through which a given particle of sediment will pass SILT See Table C 1 STABLE CHANNEL A stream channel that does not change in planform or bed profile during a particular period of time For purposes of this glossary the time period is years to tens of years STAGE DI
84. fore running the analysis 52 There is no data for D50 Shields Shear Stress requires D50 data and proper unit In the plot parameters window a median grain size must be entered for the Shields shear stress to be calculated 53 Invalid field name for Parker 1990 with Size Fraction Please check the file name In the Bed load Rating Curve function the Size function file entry is invalid Check the file name path and data format 54 Invalid data for the Size Fraction File Please check the data file The Bed load Rating Curve Size Fraction File contains invalid data format 55 The size fraction file contains more than 100 rows of data Maximum allowable is 100 rows Cannot accept this input file The selected file has too many rows of data Modify the file so that it contains 100 rows 56 Invalid Hydraulics data file Not all the required fields present Not all the required fields are in the output file for selected Bed load Rating Curve Analysis 57 D84 is lt 0 0 for Thorne Equation The sediment size must be a positive number 58 Less than 3 points in the cross section A cross section must have at least three data points 59 The first point is not the leftmost or the last point is not the rightmost point on the section No undercuts are allowed at the very beginning or end of a cross section 60 Subsection boundaries intersect Subsection
85. from either a table of values or by comparison with photographs of natural channels Tables of Manning s n values for a variety of natural and artificial channels are common in the literature on hydraulics e g Chow 1959 Van Haveren 1986 Photographs of stream reaches with computed n values have been compiled by Chow 1959 and Barnes 1967 Arcement and Schneider 1984 extended this work for floodplain areas When the roughness coefficient is estimated from table values or by comparison with photographs of natural channels with known n the chosen n value is considered a base value np that may need to be adjusted for local channel conditions Several publications provide procedures for adjusting np to account for channel irregularities vegetation obstructions and sinuosity Chow 1959 Benson and Dalrymple 1967 Arcement and Schneider 1984 Parsons and Hudson 1985 The most common procedure uses the formula proposed by Cowan 1956 to estimate the value of n n nb n n n3 n4 m 2 8 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 where base value of n for a straight uniform smooth channel in natural materials correction for the effect of surface irregularities correction for variations in cross section size and shape correction for obstructions correction for vegetation and flow conditions and correction for degree of channel meandering Table 2 1 is taken from Aldridge and Garrett 1973 and may be used to estimate the base
86. g4 gt gt 1 but even the best equations over predicted mean velocity by as much as 30 percent for the highest values of relative roughness relative submergence R dg4 lt 1 an error they attributed to difficulties in measuring bed material sizes An additional factor to consider is that WinXSPRO approximates the mean flow depth with the hydraulic depth area top width In cross sections lacking a single well defined channel erroneous values may result 2 3 3 Jarrett s Equation for Manning s Roughness Coefficient The previous discussion of Manning s equation alluded to the existence of empirical formulas for n that do not make use of particle size data as an index of relative roughness These formulas tend to relate the roughness coefficient to other hydraulic parameters Jarrett 1984 developed the following equation for n relating the roughness coefficient to water surface slope and hydraulic radius at the section n 0 39 S8 R 7 Theoretical Basis 15 SSS U where R is in feet Jarrett s equation for n has no explicit term for relative roughness however he reported a positive correlation between water surface slope and coarse bed material particle size Thus although particle size is not an explicit part of the equation it is still implicit in the slope term Jarrett also reported a slightly stronger correlation between Manning s n and slope than the correlation between n and dgq particle size Jarrett 1984 also compared n val
87. ge of flow often introducing large errors for the estimate at high or low flows The third method of determining Manning s roughness coefficient for a cross section uses empirical formulas relating n to other hydraulic parameters Many of these formulas assume that a representative particle size in the channel boundary dominates the hydraulic roughness hence the empirical relationships usually correlate n with some statistical index of bed material size distribution As such these formulas do not adjust n for changes in depth of flow at the cross section To compensate for changes in roughness with depth of flow several formulas have been developed that use a relative roughness term relating some representative particle size e g the 84th percentile particle size to the hydraulic radius or mean depth Changes in depth of flow therefore change roughness and n values Some empirical formulas such as the Jarrett 1984 formula described later do not use particle size but relate the roughness coefficient n to other hydraulic parameters such as slope and hydraulic radius Just as Manning s n may vary significantly with changes in stage water level channel irregularities obstructions vegetation sinuosity and bed material size distribution n may also vary with bed forms in the channel The hydraulics of sand and mobile bed channels produce changes in bed forms as the velocity stream power and Froude number increase with discharge note however
88. ge or letters entered instead of numbers Enter a number within the allowable range X is not a valid entry for high low stage Range Y to Z The number entered X is not within the allowed stage range Enter a number in the allowed range between values Y and Z X is above the range of input data Use as is The high stage value X is above the highest endpoint of the cross section If Yes is chosen frictionless vertical walls will be assumed at the ends of the cross section File to large to open Selected analysis variables produce a file which is larger than available memory Try scaling back analysis to reduce file size X XXX may be invalid n values usually decrease Use as is Manning s n values usually decrease with stage Answering Yes will keep your entered value while No will clear the entry field 10 Invalid entry Please select enter the Section Boundaries in increasing order Section boundaries need to be entered in increasing order left to right in the Stage and Section data entry window 11 Please specify File 1 Name For Area comparison the name of file 1 is missing 12 Please specify File 2 Name For Area comparison the name of file 2 is missing Appeidi D 87 13 File X does note exist or invalid file name Please check path and file name An invalid file name or path has been entered Check to see that the name and path are corr
89. ge values can range between 2 01 and 11 00 Figure 5 8 Stage and Manning s n values for the first left most section defined for the channel Once the user has entered the appropriate stages and Manning s n values for the first section the Next button should be selected which will display the same input screen for the next defined section i e the second or middle section for this example The user should enter a low stage of 0 01 and a Manning s n of 0 08 for the Low Stage and 4 0 feet and Manning s n of 0 06 for the High Stage Use the Next button to move to the final section and use the same values for both stage and Manning s n as used for the first section Once the data for the final section has been entered the user can select the Cale button to actually conduct the desired analysis WinXSPRO will then display the computational details in a new window as illustrated in Figure 5 9 For the information given in this problem WinXSPRO calculates a discharge of 319 1 cfs for a stage of 4 ft elevation 288 ft 60 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 a m oee a a IU e E SUA KKTEKKKEKKKEAKTEA ATTA KEKE ESSAY TN XS PRO FAA TATA A ATER A AEE RARER A ATER AE C Thom WinxSPRO Manual Example_1 out Input File C Thom WinxSPRO Manual Example_1 sec Run Date 03 07 04 Analysis Procedure Hydraulics Cross Section Number 1 Survey Date 03707704 Example Problem 1 Subsections Dividing positions B 20 00 A Z 30 007 Resistance
90. gression analysis to fit regression lines to the stage hydraulic radius and stage discharge data 66 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Souqs EES The Plan main window is completed similar to the previous examples with the input file specified as SAMPLE SEC The Manning s n values shown in Table 5 1 are used to complete the Manning window in WinXSPRO The low stage at each section will be the minimum possible stage indicated by WinXSPRO in the message bar in the Manning window The high stage will be 7 feet The output file for this problem is shown in Figure 5 12 E Program Files WinxSPro Sample Files ManualSamples Sample3 out Input File E Program Files WinxSPro Sample Files ManualSamples SAMPLE SEC Run Date 10 02 01 Analysis Procedure Hydraulics Regression Cross Section Number 1 Survey Date 10 02 01 Subsections Dividing stations Bf 16 00 Af 72 00 C 94 007 Resistance Method Manning s n SECTION B A c D Low Stage n 0 060 0 070 0 070 0 090 High Stage n 0 060 0 035 0 060 0 090 Unadjusted horizontal distances used STAGE 5EC AREA PERIM WIDTH R DHYD SLOPE n VAVG Q SHEAR ft sq t ft ft ft ft ft fit ft s cfs psf 0 10 ka 0 07 1 56 1 54 0 04 0 04 0 0050 0 070 0 19 0 01 0 01 1 10 13535 21 40 20 26 0 62 0 66 0 0050 0 065 1 19 15 92 0 19 2 10 A 42 65 40 53 38 36 1 05 X11 0 0050 0 060 1 83 78 09 0 33 2 10 B 1 26 4 45 4 25 0 28 0 30 0 0050 0 078 0 58 0 74 0 09 2 10 T 43 91 44 98 42 61 0 98 1 03 0 0050 1 80 78 83 0 30 3 10
91. he section should be located where it appears the streamlines are parallel to the bank and each other Straight channel reaches with uniform flow are rare in nature and in most cases may only be approached to varying degrees If a reach with constant cross sectional area and shape is not available a slightly contracting reach is acceptable provided that there is no significant backwater effect from the constriction for the range of flows or stages under consideration Backwater occurs where the upstream stage discharge relationship is controlled by the geometry of a single downstream cross section or a break in bed slope Manning s equation assumes the stage discharge relationship of the cross section is controlled by the geometry and roughness of a long reach of channel downstream of the section channel control thus Manning s equation will not produce an accurate stage discharge relationship in pools or other backwater areas In addition expanding reaches also should be avoided as there are additional energy losses associated with channel expansions that are not accounted for in Manning s equation When no channel reaches are available that meet or approach the condition of uniform flow it may be necessary to use multitransect models e g HEC 2 to analyze cross section hydraulics Field Procedures and d coou 23 3 3 Field Procedures The basic information to be collected in the reach selected for analysis is a survey of the channel cross
92. hom WinXSPRO Examp Browse D50 mm a5 Temperature deg 25 0 Figure 5 19 Ackers White dialog box with data field for Example Problem 4 72 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Ee eee Once these fields have been entered with the appropriate data the user can select the OK button to conduct the analysis In this example WinXSPRO will display a dialogue box that indicates that no sediment transport has been computed based on the entered D50 grain size Remember that Ackers and White is for sand sized material typically less than 2 mm in size but our grain size analysis for the sediment sample is 4 5mm Close the tabular and graphical windows and open the Ackers and White window from Tools again Set the D50 input box to 1 mm and set the temperature to 25 0 degrees then press OK The graphical and tabular outputs appear on the screen after the method is run with the revised D50 for the bed material The graph of bed material load versus discharge is shown as Figure 5 20 Ackers White Total Load Rating Curve lol x N N D o we Qa aa 3 oP rrr irr BEJ 100 0 150 0 200 0 250 0 300 0 350 0 400 0 Discharge ft3 s Figure 5 20 Ackers White sediment rating curve References 73 OO Chapter 6 References Ackers P and W R White 1973 Sediment transport New approach and analysis Journal of the Hydraulics Division Am Soc Civil Engr Vol
93. ill automatically adjust to contain both sections The program assumes that the stable point for each of the cross sections is the same physical point in space Therefore it is important that the stable points be correctly defined before comparing areas Refer to Section 4 5 1 2 Creating Modifying Input File Data for information about coding the stable point 44 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 SSS ee To plot the horizontal boundaries between which the area calculations will be performed first enter horizontal x axis values in the Left Horizontal Boundary and Right Horizontal Boundary fields see Figure 4 5 then click on the Plot button again To change either boundary simply enter a new value in the desired field Left or Right Horizontal Boundary and click on Plot once again The boundaries will automatically be redrawn Calculating the Area Between Two Cross sections When the file name and boundary information has been entered clicking on the Calculate button will cause the program to compute the area between the two cross sections in the region defined by the horizontal boundaries If the cross section from File 2 is below the cross section from File 1 in a given region the calculated area in that region will be positive When the cross section from File 2 is higher than that of File 1 the area of the region will be negative WinXSPRO uses a repeated Simpson s Rule to compute the difference in areas Simpson s rule simply integrates the ar
94. ill bring up the Area Comparison dialog Figure 4 5 When you are finished comparing areas clicking on the Close button will return you to the Main Input Screen Running WinXSPRO 43 Plotting Cross sections and Horizontal Boundaries Files to be used for comparison should have a stable point specified in them Once file names have been entered in the fields for File 1 Name and File 2 Name either by entering the names from the keyboard or selecting the files by clicking on the File 1 and File 2 buttons Figure 4 5 the cross sections from these files may be plotted by clicking on the Plot button 98 5 File1 File2 Left Horiz Right Horiz 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 File1 fe program filles winxspro sample file File2 Je program filles winxspro sample file Print Select appropriate data input format below Press the Plot button and then use the plotto select left and right Copy orizontal boundaries Press Plot again to display boundaries Finally press the Calculate button m Input Data Format i C Station Elevation Elevation Station Stetion Depth Left Horizontal Boundary Right Horizontal Boundary Calculated Area Calculate Gin Figure 4 5 Area comparison window The Input Data Format area allows three different formats to be correctly plotted both files must share the same format The cross sections from the two files will be overlaid and the axis scales w
95. ill change only slightly through the normal range of stage at a section An independent evaluation of the equation on Idaho mountain streams confirmed this Potyondy 1990 Jarrett s n appeared to fit the measured data best at flows at or above bank full stage the poorest fits occurred at low flow Potyondy concluded that the equation was best applied to bank full flow estimates with low water n values supplied from field measurements of hydraulic geometry and discharge 2 3 4 Nelson et al Method This method is primarily intended for use in steep mountainous channels that have large bed material i e large particle sizes relative to the flow depth typically gravel cobble and boulder channels The vertical flow structure and the relation between bottom stress and velocity are not well predicted by existing resistance equations in these channels with high relative roughness The Nelson et al approach uses measured sediment size data in conjunction with a simple model for the extraction of momentum associated with flow around and over the large sediment particles on the bed to determine the stage discharge relation for a given channel geometry The method assumes that by far the majority of the drag on the flow is produced by flow over bed particles that is drag due to features other than bed particles is negligible The Nelson et al method is best used in channels with beds composed of sediment sizes that are a significant fraction of the flo
96. ill open the Manning s n window in which the Manning s n values for each section must be entered When the Manning s n window opens the first section defined i e from left to right is displayed as shown in Figure 5 7 EXAMPLE_1 0 Manning s n for section between 5 00 and 20 00 Ale x m Next Help High Stage Manning s n Po 7 BME Close Low Stage Manning s n Specify lower and upper bounds for Manning s n to left of section boundary Low Stage values can range between 2 01 and 6 00 Figure 5 7 Manning s n input data screen for the first defined section Peann Problems 59 The high stage at each subsection will be 4 ft elevation 288 The low stage entered will be 2 feet elevation 286 for the channel between 5 0 and 20 feet and for the section between 30 0 and 55 0 feet The low stage for the middle section i e between 20 0 feet and 30 feet will be 0 01 feet elevation 284 As shown in Figure 5 1 the Manning s n values for the first and third section should be 0 06 while the Manning s n value for the middle section should be 0 08 Figure 5 8 shows the stage and Manning s n entries for the first section EXAMPLE_1 0 Manning s n for section between 5 00 and 20 00 lal x Next Cale Help Back Low Stage 2 00 Manning s n 08 Bact Clase High Stage fao Manning s n fog 2s Specify lower and upper bounds for Manning s n to left of section boundary High Sta
97. ing lost profits lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages arising from the use of or the inability to use this program DOWNLOAD INFORMATION This User s Guide and the WinXSPRO program can be downloaded from http www stream fs fed us publications software html This publication may be updated as features and modeling capabilities are added to the program Users may wish to periodically check the download site for the latest updates WinXSPRO is supported by and limited technical support is available from USDA Forest Service Washington Office Watershed Fish Wildlife Air amp Rare Plants Staff Streams Systems Technology Center Fort Collins CO The preferred method of contact for obtaining support is to send an e mail to rmrs_stream fs fed us requesting WinXSPRO Support in the subject line USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Stream Systems Technology Center 2150 Centre Ave Bldg A Suite 368 Fort Collins CO 80526 1891 970 295 5983 iv Table of Contents ATD God aa A O EE re E E E EE E E E E E i Acknowledementsian iaai yea chee A nC E E E E EEE E E a Bi E E E E N ii USGL ALIASES soen pnt a a E A Gms aah E E E ee Da EEE A N iii Download Information ssscisccsgessscassavcadesegeadasdvsusnaapuseis ie en aE SAE RIEAN eE EEES I EESAN rse SES iii Table of Contents eiia r a a ashes eas aa ead Ea ea case edema SiE iv List of Figures nro rni a A R A O a E E E E A R vi Listiofi Lable Sna P
98. l Cr ss Sections esaiok e Ae eae Se hots cht BR ee iawn ies 92 Cross Section With Undercut Banks ssesesesseeseeseesesssesressessresressesnresressetsteserseeseserssresseseest 92 Compare Two Cross SectionS sescsversctsstecaivaseescstasensneteueadsaanaveatasennaeeessncesdasdevedeaaperaceusncceeuarens 92 Nelson et al Resistance Method and Bed Load Computations sssssssesssessesssesssseessseeessees 93 vi List of Figures Figure 2 1 Computational elements of hydraulic parameters 0 0 0 0 eeeceeeeesseecseceeeeeseeeeseessaeenseeees 4 Figure 2 2 Typical channel configurations that disrupt uniform flOW eee eeeeeeeseeeeeneeeneeeneeeees 6 Figure 3 1 Sag tape survey configuration jess tances cays enced es Anions a ee eee Phe 23 Figure 3 2 Rod and level survey configuration ssssssesssesesseesssresseessresseeesseeesstesseresseesseeesesesssets 24 Figure 3 3 Diagram of longitudinal profile and plan view of a pool riffle sequence eee 25 Fig te 4 1 Main plan WIndOW precisione tissi sis ein ieai sesiis 29 Fig re 4 2 Input dataeditor sennssnsssesiinni nnie ee ieee ias 31 Figure 4 3 User defined data format dialog bOX essssseseesrsesessessessresressessresresseesrrssressesnresrensessresees 33 Figure 4 4 Portion of user defined sample input file sssseseneeeesseesseesseesseeesseeesseessersseesseessssesssees 33 Figure 4 5 Area comparison WindoW eseeesesessseesseserssressesetestesstsetestessetet
99. l wetted perimeter may be an important consideration for macroinvertebrate production or the scenic enjoyment of a stream Similarly cross section data may be used to define the depth discharge relationship for analysis of fish habitat Also if the recurrence frequencies of various discharges are known a depth duration relationship may be constructed The applications of WinXSPRO are not limited by those described here with some imagination the user will find others for which the tools in the program will serve 2 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 eee ee 1 3 Overview of User s Manual This manual describes the fundamental concepts methodologies capabilities and limitations features input requirements and output of WinXSPRO The manual is organized into the following sections Introduction Chapter 1 This chapter Theoretical Basis Chapter 2 Chapter 2 describes the theoretical basis for the hydraulic flow resistance and sediment transport calculations used in WinXSPRO Field Procedures and Techniques Chapter 3 Chapter 3 provides guidance on selection of reaches and representative cross sections where information is to be collected and field procedures to be used in the collection Running WinXSPRO Chapter 4 Chapter 4 covers information on installing the program setting up projects and plans and navigating through the program itself Input and output data and all options available within WinXSPRO are described in this chapter Exa
100. laa Selatan eae eneonds fe ssSiee tien egies 66 Figure 5 13 Discharge vs hydraulic radius regression Curve eeeeeeeeeeeeeeereecseeceeeeseeeeseeeeneeenaeens 67 Figure 5 14 Stage discharge regression Curve ine lene tts Aine praise tassendecle peal enneeeeenies 67 Figure 5 15 Modify Data screen using the BEFORE SEC input file oo eee ceseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 68 Figure 5 16 Example of Compare Areas Window with values set for Example Problem 4 69 Figure 5 17 Difference between Before and After using the Gini coefficient eee eeeeeeeeeereees 70 Figure 5 18 Example Problem 4 hydraulic analysis output 0 0 ce eeceeeeececeeececeeececeeeeeceteeeeenaeeeeaees 71 Figure 5 19 Ackers White dialog box with data field for Example problem 4 0 0 0 eee eeeeeeeees 71 Figure 5 20 Ackers White sediment rating CULVC eee eeseceseceeeceeseecsaeceseeeseeesaeeceaeecaeenseeseeeeenee es 72 Figure C 1 Example of main channel vs left and right overbank roughness areas eee 85 List of Tables Table 2 1 Base valwes of Manning 8 iio scsscestaedeesseasctensds enn e a E E Meee 8 Table 2 2 Factors that affect roughness of the channel eceeesceceecceceeeeeceeeeeceeeeecseeeeceeeeeeenaeeees 9 Table 5 1 Example Problem 3 region and stage data ceeceeeseceecceceeeeeceeeeeceeeeceseeeeseeeeaaees 65 Table C 1 Sediment size classes l s a a e a a a oa oE aR ia 85 Introduction 1 SSS r Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1 Purpo
101. low conditions are met The main criteria for these flow conditions is that the bed slope the water surface slope and the total energy grade line are essentially parallel The total energy of the stream is a function of the position of the streambed above some arbitrary datum potential energy the depth of the water column pressure energy and the velocity of the water column kinetic energy The slope of the total energy grade line indicates the rate at which energy is dissipated through turbulence and boundary friction When the slope of this line is known the various resistance formulas allow computation of mean cross sectional velocity When the water surface and the energy grade line parallel the streambed the energy grade line slope is assumed to be the same as the water surface slope Under conditions of constant width depth area and velocity the water surface slope and energy grade line approach the slope of the streambed producing a condition known as uniform flow One feature of uniform flow is that the streamlines the traces of the path that a particle of water would follow in the flow are parallel and straight Roberson and Crowe 1985 Perfectly uniform flow rarely occurs in natural channels but the condition is approached in some reaches where the geometry of the channel cross section is relatively constant throughout the reach Conditions that tend to disrupt uniform flow include bends in the stream course changes in cross s
102. ly 82 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 nn Ul MATHEMATICAL MODEL A model that uses mathematical expressions i e a set of equations usually based upon fundamental physical principles to represent a physical process MEAN DEPTH Fora given stage equal to the cross section area divided by the top width MEANDERING STREAM An alluvial stream characterized in planform by a series of pronounced alternating bends The shape and existence of the bends in a meandering stream are a result of alluvial process and not determined by the nature of the terrain geology through which the stream flows MOBILE BED STREAMS Streams where the channel boundaries can be modified by the force of the water being conveyed MODEL A representation of a physical process or thing that can be used to predict the process s or thing s behavior or state Examples A conceptual model if I throw a rock harder it will go faster A mathematical model F m a A hydraulic model Columbia River physical model NUMERICAL MODEL A numerical model is the representation of a mathematical model as a sequence of instructions program for a computer Given approximate data the execution of this sequence of instructions yields an approximate solution to the set of equations that comprise the mathematical model OVERBANK Inariver reach the surface area between the bank of the main channel and the limits of the floodplain See Figure C 1 PARAMETER Any set of physical properties
103. mber of repetitions of a periodic process in a certain time period FROUDE NUMBER A dimensionless number defined as V 4 gy reflecting the ratio of stream velocity to wave velocity If the Froude Number is greater than 1 the flow is supercritical flow with the Froude Number less than one is subcritical apponi C 81 GRADATION The proportion of material of each particle size or the frequency distribution of various sizes constituting a particulate material such as a soil sediment or sedimentary rock The limits of each size are chosen arbitrarily Four different gradations are significant the gradation of the suspended load the gradation of the bed load the gradation of the material comprising the bed surface and the gradation of material beneath the bed surface GRADATION CURVE Sediment samples usually contain a range of grain sizes and it is customary to break this range into classes of percentages of the total sample weight contained in each class After the individual percentages are accumulated a graph the gradation curve shows the grain size versus the accumulated percent of material that is finer than that grain size These curves are used by movable boundary models to depict the bed sediment material properties e g grain size distribution of the bed material GRAIN SIZE See Table C 1 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRADATION A measure of the variation in grain particle sizes within a mixture Usually presented as a gra
104. mple Problems Chapter 5 Chapter 5 provides example applications of WinXSPRO References Chapter 6 Chapter 6 is a listing of references cited Appendices Appendix A is a list of symbols that are used in this manual and Appendix B addresses use of WinXSPRO with spreadsheet programs Appendix C is a glossary of terms and phrases used in this manual and Appendix D lists and explains the warning and error messages used in WinXSPRO Appendix E explains typical sample files distributed with the software Introduction 3 N 1 4 Features of WinXSPRO The WinXSPRO program is designed for analyzing channel cross section data in an interactive user friendly environment The program is run under Microsoft Windows with easy to read input and output screens and many other features common to Windows programs WinXSPRO uses a resistance equation approach e g Manning s equation to single cross section hydraulic analysis and is capable of analyzing the geometry hydraulics and sediment transport potential of a given channel cross section including sections with undercut banks WinXSPRO was specifically developed for use in high gradient streams and supports four alternative resistance equations for computing boundary roughness and resistance to flow The program allows the user to subdivide the channel cross section so that overbank areas mid channel islands and high water overflow channels may be analyzed separately WinXSPRO also allows
105. ms the data adjustments internally i e no data is actually changed in the geometry input file Also the distance and or corrections are made assuming that the end of the tape is at horizontal station 0 4 5 1 4 Input File Data Format Each selection associated with input data files corresponds to a different format for the input file The files will normally contain two columns of numbers representing a position elevation pair on each row that defines each point on a cross section There are currently four formats available Position Elevation Free Format Elevation Position Free Format User Defined Format and Undercut Banks In this context Free Format means that data pairs contained in the input file are separated by commas or tabs The special case of selecting User Defined from the data format options involves specifying which columns contain the data values in your file This is provided for an input file that may contain more than just the position and elevation data for a cross section For example if you have four columns of data in a file and one of those columns contains a position value and another contains an elevation value but they are not the first two columns or are not adjacent you should select User Defined from the menu to select the correct columns All you will need to tell WinXSPRO is which column numbers to use for the data WinXSPRO recognizes space or TAB delimited columns Bunning WinXSPRO 33 Figure
106. n Section 4 9 1 9 Print Range Specify the pages you want to print All Prints entire document Selection Prints currently selected text Pages Prints the range of pages you specify in the From and To boxes Copies Specify the number of copies you want to print for the above print range Collate Copies Prints copies in page number order instead of separated multiple copies of each page Print Qualit Select the quality of the printing Generally lower quality printing takes less time to produce Running WinXSPRO 41 4 9 1 8 Print Preview Use this command to display the active document as it would appear when printed the command is available only for text files not graphs and charts When you choose this command the main window will be replaced with a print preview window in which one or two pages will be displayed in their printed format The print preview toolbar offers you options to view one or two pages at a time move back and forth through the document zoom in and out on pages and initiate a print job 4 9 1 9 Print Setup Use this command to select a printer and a printer connection This command presents a Print Setup dialog box where you may select the following options Printer Selects the printer you want to use Choose the Default Printer or choose the Specific Printer option and select one of the current installed printers shown in the box You can install printers and configure ports using the Windows C
107. n cubic feet per second if the sediment rating curve file has English units NOTE The Help file for Toolbox gt Bed load discharge specifies that the second column of the DIS input file must be in cubic meters per second and should be ignored The When the OK button is selected a plot of the annual sediment yield discharge over the water year is shown in one window and the output file saved as filename abd in the current directory is displayed in another The output file consists of three columns the first is the day of the water year 1 to 365 the second is the discharge for that day and the third is the bed load discharge for that day At the end of the file is the value of the Average Annual Sediment Yield which is equal to the sum of the mean daily sediment discharges 4 9 3 5 Modify Discharge This selection queries the user for an input discharge file with the format described in the above section and allows the user to modify that discharge file in a variety of menu selected manners to simulate discharge changes due to dams diversions and other phenomena The user is also queried for the new modified discharge file name Click the Compute button to perform the calculations and then the Save button to save the results to the new discharge file The new file name can then be used with the Bed load Discharge option to assess the effect of discharge alterations on bed load flux When selecting the Smooth Discharge option the user is p
108. n the discharge versus hydraulic radius and discharge versus stage values Running WinXSPRO 35 4 5 2 2 Cross Section Number Survey Date Comment These three fields are optional and contain user supplied data that will be printed in the analysis output Entry of this data is highly recommended The comment field is limited to 80 spaces and characters 4 5 2 3 Resistance Equation You may choose to use one of four methods 1 Thorne amp Zevenbergen 1985 where either the Hey 1979 or Bathurst 1978 equations will be used 2 Jarrett where his equation 1984 is used to compute a Manning s n 3 User supplied Manning s n where you supply your own n values or 4 Nelson et al iterative method 1991 The Nelson et al method cannot be used with undercut banks The Thorne amp Zevenbergen option employs a user supplied dg diameter for the bed material at the cross section If you choose this method the input fields for dg4 diameter and units will be activated on the screen the other three selections do not use these fields and so for those selections the fields will be unavailable 4 5 2 4 dg4 Particle Diameter and Units The units of the diameter of the dg particle can be in feet or millimeters The particle diameter is a number representing the intermediate axis diameter of the 84th percentile particle in the bed material Only if you select the Thorne amp Zevenbergen equations will you be required to enter this information 4 5
109. n values for stable channels and floodplains where stable channels are defined as those where the bed is composed of firm soil gravel cobbles boulders or bedrock and which remains relatively unchanged through most of the range of flows The base values of Benson and Dalrymple 1967 generally apply to conditions that are close to average whereas Chow s 1959 base values are for the smoothest reach attainable for a given bed material Table 2 2 is also taken from Aldridge and Garrett 1973 and may be used to estimate each of the correction factors in Equation 2 to produce a final estimated n Table 2 1 Channel or Base values of Manning s n modified from Aldridge and Garrett 1973 Table 1 floodplain type Concrete Rock cut Firm soil Coarse sand Fine gravel Gravel Coarse gravel Cobble Boulder Median size of bed material Base n value np Millimeters Inches Benson and Chow 1959 Dalrymple 1967 oa ee oos Straight uniform channel Smoothest channel attainable for indicated material Theoretical Basis 9 PE Table 2 2 Factors that affect roughness of the channel modified from Aldridge and Garrett 1973 Table 2 Channel n value Example conditions adjustment Smooth 0 000 Compares to the smoothest channel attainable in a given bed material Minor 0 001 0 005 Compares to carefully dredged channels in good condition but having slightly eroded or scoured side slopes Degree of Moderate 0
110. named sitename sec where sitename is any valid Windows file name describing your site Unlike other methods the x position values in the input geometry file must be constantly increasing When using the Nelson et al Resistance Method an additional input file must be supplied described below and must use the same root file name but use a dat extension i e sitename dat Given this it is a good idea to use short file names when this method is used The dat file contains grain geometry and orientation information from field surveys with each line having the following format position exposure x y Z a b c 34 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 EI SS Position is an arbitrary number describing the data location or measurement technique If the grain geometry measurements e g pebble counts are carried out using a random walk technique position can be an integer 1 2 assigned to each measurement If the measurements were obtained by taking uniform increments along a tape measure position can be the reading of the tape measure for each sample Exposure is the vertical distance the grain sticks up from the surrounding bed surface in centimeters The next three numbers x y and z are the downstream cross stream and total vertical length of the particle as it occurs on the bed also in centimeters The final three numbers a b and c are the standard long intermediate and short axes of the grain in centimeters Remember this data file
111. ned and then the uniform flow assumptions of Manning s equation must be considered in reach selection Proper field techniques must be followed in survey procedures particle size determinations and streamflow measurements Harrelson et al 1994 give an excellent illustration of proper field techniques 3 2 Reach Selection The intended use of the cross section analysis plays a large role in locating the reach and the cross section The user must decide whether the section is to be located in a critical reach or in a reach that is considered representative of some larger area The reach most sensitive to change or most likely to meet or fail to meet some important condition may be considered a critical reach A representative reach will typify a definable portion of the channel system and can be used to describe that portion of the system Parsons and Hudson 1985 Once a reach has been selected the channel cross sections are sited in the locations considered most suitable for meeting the uniform flow requirements of Manning s equation The uniform flow requirement is approached where width depth and cross sectional area of flow remain relatively constant from cross section to cross section and the water surface slope and energy grade line approach the slope of the streambed For this reason marked changes in channel geometry and discontinuities in the flow steps falls change in discharge and hydraulic jumps should be avoided Generally t
112. ning during Option Plot Ratio X Y due to scaling factors 70 Cannot implement Ration 10 1 Position scaling too large Warning during Option Plot Ratio X Y due to scaling factors 71 There is not entry for High Stage There is no data for the High Stage Manning Enter a valid value for the stage 72 There is not entry for Low Stage There is no data for the Low Stage Manning Enter a valid value for the stage 73 There is not entry for High Stage Manning s n There is no data for the High Stage Manning Enter a valid value for the stage 74 There is not entry for Low Stage Manning s n There is no data for the Low Stage Manning Enter a valid value for the stage 75 Error cannot Plot Parameters Please check the Output file The files selected for Plot Parameters are invalid Check the path and file name and the data format of the output file 76 Error Cannot find valid data for both plot parameters The required data cannot be found in the selected plot parameters input file field Make sure the required parameters are output using the Analysis output Format feature 77 Cannot accept a D84 particle diameter of zero or negative The value for D84 in the main Plan Window is invalid 78 No cell selected please select a cell There is no row selected for Delete in the data editor Cannot perform the requested Delete action 79 Th
113. niques of Water Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey Book 3 Chapter A1 Washington DC Buchanan Thomas J and Williams P Somers 1969 Discharge measurements at Gauging Stations Techniques of Water Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey Book 3 Chapter A8 Washington DC Bunte Kristin 1994 Draft of Modeling Bed load Sediment Transport in Sand Bed Streams using the Ackers and White 1973 Sediment Transport Formula Prepared for the Stream Systems Technology Center Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station U S Forest Service Fort Collins Colorado 74 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Enae E uvrE EEF Bunte Kristin and Steven R Abt 2001 Sampling Surface and Subsurface Particle Size Distributions in Wadable Gravel and Cobble Bed Streams for Analyses in Sediment Transport Hydraulics and Streambed Monitoring Gen Tech Rep RMRS GTR 74 USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins CO 428 p Chow Ven Te 1959 Open Channel Hydraulics McGraw Hill Book Company New York NY Cowan W L 1956 Estimating Hydraulic Roughness Coefficients Agricultural Engineering Vol 37 No 7 pp 473 475 Dalrymple Tate and M A Benson 1967 Measurement of Peak Discharge by the Slope Area Method Techniques of Water Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey Book 3 chapter A2 Washington DC Federal Inter
114. nless parameters size mobility and transport The relations are Ger f F gr Dgr 15 where Ger dimensionless sediment transport rate sediment mobility number Der dimensionless sediment size om II 20 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 sass SO The sediment mobility Fr is described by Us V E5 16 i Jedo s 1 D 32log a where dso median sediment diameter D mean flow depth n a transition exponent depending on sediment size S mass density of sediment relative to the fluid V mean flow velocity Ux shear velocity See Appendix A a coefficient in rough turbulent equation g acceleration of gravity The particle size is expressed by the dimensionless grain diameter Dg 1 3 s l Dy ds a 2 17 and where sediment transport is defined in terms of a general transport parameter Gg XD u ae 18 sdz V where X is the sediment transport mass flux per unit mass flow rate Equation 18 is based upon Bagnold s 1966 concept of stream power Ackers and White have further hypothesized that the transition parameter n is a function of D Using flume data from other investigators Ackers and White 1973 developed a new general transport relation and evaluated the associated coefficients Bie ale Gy 0 5 1 19 in which the coefficients C A m and n would vary with sediment size as presented in the following For the transition range with 1 0 lt Dg 60 0 0
115. nteractive Windows software package designed to analyze stream channel cross section data for geometric hydraulic and sediment transport parameters WinXSPRO was specifically developed for use in high gradient streams gradient gt 0 01 and supports four alternative resistance equations for computing boundary roughness and resistance to flow Cross section input data may be from standard cross section surveys using a rod and level or sag tape procedures WinXSPRO allows the user to subdivide the channel cross section into multiple sub sections and has the ability to vary water surface slopes with discharge to reflect natural conditions Analysis options include developing stage discharge relationships evaluating changes in channel cross sectional area and computing sediment transport rates Resource specialists can use the estimated stream channel geometry cross section hydraulic characteristics and sediment transport output to assist with channel design and monitoring instream flow analysis the restoration of riparian areas and the placement of instream structures The AUTHORS Thomas Hardy Associate Director of the Utah Water Research Laboratory Utah State University Logan UT 84322 8200 Palavi Panja Research Programmer Utah Water Research Laboratory Utah State University Logan UT 84322 8200 Dean Mathias Lead System Analyst Utah Water Research Laboratory Utah State University Logan UT 84322 8200 This is a revised electr
116. om the low to high flow stages if your analysis uses the Nelson et al method the stage increment is not used a total of twenty stages including the entered low and high stages will be output at equal stage intervals The analysis will start at the low stage value and will increase by the value you input in the increment field up to but not past the high stage value In the output you will see an evaluation of the cross section at every increment At stages where more than one defined channel is present see Section Boundaries below the data for that stage will be computed for each subsection and a sum of the values across the stream will be computed 4 7 2 Section Boundaries WinXSPRO can divide a channel cross section into several subsections each of which is analyzed separately for each stage as was described in Section 2 4 After you have filled in the stage and slope information you may define section boundaries if you wish if you desire only a single section leave the section boundary fields blank Because most of the resistance formulas were derived from single channel cross sections inaccurate hydraulic results may occur if cross sections with multiple channels are not divided into separate sections The User Supplied Manning s n option must be specified for the hydraulics to be computed separately by each defined section The other options ignore section boundaries and treat the channel as a single unit even if sections are assigne
117. onic version of the original publication It corrects errors discovered subsequent to publication of the original hard copy publication of General Technical Report RMRS GTR 147 ERRATA for RMRS GTR 147 Section 4 5 2 The Geometry Only option has been disabled in this version of WinXSPRO Equivalent output tables can be found in the output under either the Hydraulics Only or the Both Hydraulics and Regression options when run Citation Should be dated 2005 instead of 2004 WinXSPRO A Channel Cross Section Analyzer User s Manual Prepared by Thomas Hardy Palavi Panja Dean Mathias Institute for Natural Systems Engineering Utah Water Research Laboratory Utah State University Modified from Earlier Versions Prepared by Grant et al 1992 and WEST Inc 1998 Produced by USDA Forest Service Washington Office Watershed Fish Wildlife Air amp Rare Plants Staff Stream Systems Technology Center Prepared in support of the National Stream Systems Technology Center mission to enable land managers to secure favorable conditions of water flows from our National Forests ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The development of the original version of this software called XSPRO Version 1 0 was supported by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Experiment Station Corvallis Oregon and the Ecology Range and Watershed Management Staff of the Northwest Region Portland Oregon Further software development
118. ons and the difference between them is displayed Figure 5 17 70 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Gl 0 00641 G 0 00672 GDift 0 00031 Figure 5 17 Difference between BEFORE and AFTER using the Gini coefficient Help The next task is to determine the bed material load using the Ackers and White method for sand bed channels Assume that the dso has been determined to be 4 5 mm Before running the Ackers and White Method a stage discharge relationship needs to be generated using WinXSPRO for the file AFTER SEC i e set this as the input file in the Plan window Change the Plan Comment field to be Example Problem 4 For this example we will use the user supplied Manning s n option from the main program window and then save the plan with the name Example_4 xsp The user should now select the Run button which will display the Stage and Section window Set the low stage at 0 1 and the high stage to 3 0 with corresponding slopes of 0 005 Use a stage increment of 1 0 foot Since we want to analyze the whole cross section we will not specify and segment boundaries so the Calc button can be selected This will display the Manning s n input window Use a value for Manning s n of 0 045 for the low stage 0 1 and a value of 0 025 for the high stage 3 0 The user can now select the Calc button and WinXSPRO to generate the corresponding results as illustrated in Figure 5 18 Peann Problems 71 ERRRRRRRRRRRRERRERRRERRRRRERRERRJ NXSPRO
119. ontrol Panel Orientation Choose Portrait or Landscape Paper Size Select the size of paper that the document is to be printed on Paper Source Some printers offer multiple trays for different paper sources Specify the tray here Options Displays a dialog box where you can make additional choices about printing specific to the type of printer you have selected Network Choose this button to connect to a network location assigning it a new drive letter 4 9 1 10 Displayed 1 2 3 4 Plans Use the numbers and plan names listed at the bottom of the Plan menu to open the last four plans you previously closed Choose the number that corresponds with the plan you want to open 4 9 1 11 Exit Use this command to end your WinXSPRO session If you have not previously saved the current plan or if modifications have been made to the plan you will be asked if you want to save before you exit 42 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 een a a a IU ooo 4 9 2 Edit Menu The features under this menu found in many Windows applications allow you to copy or cut selected data from text files to the clipboard and to paste data from the clipboard into a text file It will also allow you to undo the last cut copy or paste action performed 4 9 2 1 Undo This option allows you to undo the last cut copy or paste action performed This option can also be selected by pressing CTRL Z from the keyboard 4 9 2 2 Cut This option allows you to cut remove
120. ory for the cross section on Deer Creek at river mile 32 DEER82 XSP 1982 cross section analysis DEER92 XSP 1992 cross section analysis 30 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 eE OOOO C PUTAH RM27 Subdirectory for analyses on Putah Creek river mile 27 RM27MAN XSP Analysis using Manning s n for resistance RM27T amp Z XSP Analysis using Thorne and Zevenbergen approach for resistance RM27JAR XSP Analysis using Jarrett s equation for resistance 4 55 Main Plan Window The Main Plan Window Figure 4 1 must have certain fields filled in before a plan may be run Plans are saved after an analysis is performed A description of these fields is provided in the following sections If a plan is not saved before it is run you will be prompted to save it so that the combination of parameters may be reused on subsequent runs 4 5 1 Input Parameters In this section of the window located in the upper left quadrant of Figure 4 1 the information related to the geometric data for the cross section under study is specified The geometric data consisting of station elevation pairs x y data may be read from an existing file or entered via use of the keyboard as described below When using an existing file the file should contain the station elevation pairs on each line with the values separated by a comma or by tabs tab delimited Input files can be created with the WinXSPRO Input Data Editor sec 4 5 1 2 any other data editor e g Window
121. output If the Hydraulics and Regression analysis was selected the results of the regression analysis are also displayed at the bottom of the file The regression equations for hydraulic radius versus discharge and stage versus discharge are shown along with their respective regression coefficients a and b the square of the correlation coefficient r and the number of data points n For regression results to be computed the combination of user defined stage limits and stage increment must yield a minimum of five data points Note that regression results will vary for a single cross section depending on the number of data points that are available Bunning WinXSPRO 53 HR KKK KR KK RRR KK RK KH HK RK REREAD XS DROK HH K RRR KKK RHEE KKK C Thom WinXsPro SAMPLE out Input File C Thom WinXsPro SAMPLE DAT Run Date 03 12 03 Analysis Procedure Hydraulics amp Regression Cross Section Number 1 Survey Date 07 21 02 Subsections Dividing stations C7 15 86 A 37 82 B 113 64 Resistance Method Thorne and Zevenbergen D84 0 500 ft Unadjusted horizontal distances used STAGE SEC AREA PERIM WIDTH R DHYD SLOPE n VAVG Q SHEAR it sq ft it it it it it tt ft s cfs pst 1 00 R 5 47 13 54 12 95 0 40 0 42 0 0100 0 069 1 18 6 46 0 25 1 00 B 1 75 10 60 10 46 0 17 0 17 0 0100 0 116 0 39 0 68 0 10 1 00 a 7 22 24 13 23 41 0 30 0 31 0 0100 0 067 0 99 7 14 0 19 2 00 A 23 62 21 71 20 43 1 10 1 17 0 0100 0 051 3 09 73 49
122. pe A generalized procedure USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT 47 Ogden UT Roberson John A and Clayton T Crowe 1985 Fluid Mechanics Houghton Mifflin Company Boston MA 712 p Smoot Geroge F and Charles E Novak 1968 Calibration and Maintenance of Vertical Axis Type Current Meters Techniques of Water Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey Book 8 Chapter B2 Washington D C Thorne Colin R and Lyle W Zevenbergen 1985 Estimating Mean Velocity in Mountain Rivers Journal of Hydraulic Engineering ASCE Vol 111 No 4 pp 612 624 Van Haveren B P 1986 Water Resource Measurements American Water Works Assn Denver CO Wiberg P L and J D Smith 1987b Calculations of the critical shear stress for motion of uniform and heterogeneous sediments Water Resources Research 23 8 pp 1471 1480 Wolman M Gordon 1954 A Method of Sampling Coarse River Bed Material Transactions of the American Geophysical Union Vol 25 No 6 pp 951 956 Yuzyk T R 1986 Bed Material Sampling in Gravel Bed Streams Report IWD HQ WRB SS 86 8 Sediment Survey Section Water Resources Branch Inland Waters Directorate Environment Canada 74 p 76 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 aS aa a on Ww A O NM o gJ 5 8 gd og et NAA TC cq 9 Br n qB dg Qs on z sie o Nxxee lt Appendix A List of Symbols length of longest axis of
123. ph of grain diameter versus percent of the mixture that is finer than that diameter GRAVEL See Table C 1 HYDRAULIC DEPTH DHYD The ratio of the cross sectional area to the top width HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE In pressure flow it is equal to the elevation of the center of the pipe plus the pressure gradient p y In open channel flow it corresponds to the water surface elevation HYDRAULIC JUMP A sudden transition from supercritical to subcritical flow HYDRAULIC RADIUS Equal to the cross sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter HYDRAULICS The study and computation of the characteristics e g depth water surface elevation velocity and slope of water flowing in a stream or river MANNING S EQUATION The empirical Manning s equation commonly applied in water surface profile calculations defines the relationship between surface roughness discharge flow geometry and rate of friction loss for a given stream location MANNING Sn VALUE nis the coefficient of roughness with the dimensions of T L n accounts for energy loss due to the friction between the bed and the water In fluvial hydraulics movable boundary hydraulics the Manning s n value includes the effects of all losses such as grain roughness of the movable bed form roughness of the movable bed bank irregularities vegetation bend losses and junction losses Contraction and expansion losses are not included in Manning s n but are typically accounted for separate
124. re allowed to spread over the floodplain Such periodic flooding is extremely important for the formation of channel macro features e g point bars and meander bends and for establishment of certain kinds of riparian vegetation A cross section analysis may also help in optimal placement of such items as culverts and fish habitat structures Additionally knowledge of the relationships between discharge channel geometry and hydraulics is useful for reconstructing the conditions associated with a particular flow situation For example in many channel stability analyses it is customary to relate movement of streambed materials to some measure of stream power or average bed shear stress If the relations between streamflow and certain hydraulic variables e g mean depth and water surface slope are known it is possible to estimate stream power and average bed shear at any given level of flow Thus a channel cross section analysis makes it possible to estimate conditions of streambed particle movement at various levels of streamflow WinXSPRO also includes two sediment transport relations the Parker model for gravel bed rivers and the Ackers White model for sand bed channels Finally cross section analyses provide important information for instream flow assessments Various riparian resource values may be altered by changes in hydraulic parameters associated with changes in streamflow For example the relation between low water discharge and channe
125. resistance equations based on relative roughness such as the ones suggested by Thorne and Zevenbergen 1985 or with methods based on the particle size and orientation such as the one proposed by Nelson et al 1991 requires an evaluation of the particle size distribution of the bed material of the stream Most sediment transport functions require this data as well For streams with no significant channel armor and bed material finer than medium gravel bed material samplers developed by the Federal Inter agency Sedimentation Project FISP 1986 may be Field Procedures and d coou 25 used to obtain a representative sample of the streambed If the stream is relatively shallow bulk samples may be collected manually usually with a shovel The bed material is then passed through a set of standard sieves to determine percent by weight of particles of various sizes The cumulative percent of material finer smaller than a given size may then be determined Particle size data are usually reported in terms of di where i represents some nominal percentile of the distribution and d represents the particle size usually expressed in millimeters at which i percent of the total sample is finer For example 84 percent of the total sample by weight would be finer than the dg particle size For additional guidance on bed material sampling in sand bed streams the reader is referred to Ashmore et al 1988 High flow Intermediate flow X Dee Wor Low
126. riations in cross section effect of obstructions and vegetation are added to the base Manning s n value before multiplying by the adjustment for meander 12 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 ee Table 2 2 Factors that affect roughness of the channel continued Channel Meander Example conditions adjustment m Degree of Minor 1 00 Ratio of the channel length to valley meandering length is 1 0 to 1 2 adjustment values apply to flow confined in the channel and do not apply where downvalley flow crosses meanders Appreciable 1 15 Ratio of the channel length to valley length is 1 2 to 1 5 Ratio of the channel length to valley length is greater than 1 5 Adjustments for degree of irregularity variations in cross section effect of obstructions and vegetation are added to the base n value before multiplying by the adjustment for meander While estimating Manning s roughness coefficient from a table of values or by comparison with photographs of channels with known n is the quickest and most commonly used method most experienced hydrologists and river engineers simply estimate n from experience often the tables and photographs are not even consulted For that reason this method is subject to the most variability between individuals and is probably the least consistent method for arriving at Manning s n Also the method ordinarily is used to produce a single value for roughness which is then applied throughout the entire ran
127. rompted for a value between 1 and 100 This value will specify the number of times a three point moving average will be used to smooth the data 46 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 eee 4 9 3 6 Ackers and White Transport This selection will calculate a bed material load rating curve for your cross section using the Ackers and White 1973 transport method Note that the Akers White transport calculations are strictly applicable to sand bed streams and that such streams are typically wide and shallow Irrational results may be obtained when this method is applied to streams with a small width depth ratio When you choose this option a dialog will appear which will ask you for the output file name usually OUT from which the stage discharge data will be read the median grain diameter dso in millimeter of the sediment sample and the temperature in degrees centigrade of the water will also be read The OUT file must be from a hydraulics or hydraulics and regression analysis performed with any of the available resistance methods When this information has been supplied and the OK button is selected two windows will appear on the screen One will contain the sediment rating curve discharge versus sediment discharge and the other will contain the output file saved as ACK in the current directory In evaluating output remember that the Acker and White model is intended for sediment sizes from 0 04 to 2 5 mm 4 9 4 Options Menu The items found under thi
128. rvey Lakewood CO Olson Rutz K M and C B Marlow 1992 Analysis and Interpretation of Stream Channel Cross Sectional Data North American Journal of Fisheries Management American Fisheries Society Vol 12 pp 55 61 References 75 OO Parker Gary Peter C Klingeman and David G McLean 1982 Bed load and Size Distribution in Paved Gravel Bed Streams Journal of the Hydraulics Division Am Soc Civil Engr Vol 108 No HY4 pp 544 471 Parker Gary 1990 Surface based bed load transport relation for gravel rivers Journal of Hydraulic Research IAHR Vol 28 No 4 Parsons Stephen C and Shirley Hudson 1985 Stream Channel Cross Section Surveys and Data Analysis U S Bureau of Land Management Tech Rept No TR 4341 1 Denver CO Potyondy John P 1990 An Analysis of the Use of Roughness Coefficients in the Modeling of Channel Hydraulics A comparison of Flows Calculated with Jarrett s Equation to Flows Calculated Using Manning s n values Unpublished report Boise National Forest Rantz S E etal 1982 Measurement and Computation of Streamflow Volume 1 Measurement of Stage and Discharge U S Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2175 Washington D C Rattray M and E Mitsuda 1974 Theoretical analysis of conditions in a salt wedge Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 2 Ray Gary A and Walter F Megahan 1979 Measuring cross sections using a sag ta
129. s shear velocity equal to 4 T p reference velocity in Nelson et al 1991 resistance method velocity scale in Nelson et al 1991 resistance method mean cross section velocity water surface width dimensionless bed load parameter sediment discharge concentration measured depth the vertical coordinate Appii A 77 a velocity distribution coefficient or coefficient in rough turbulent equation y unit weight of water 62 4 1b ft 9810 N m equal to pg v kinematic viscosity of water p water density Ps sediment density dimensionless boundary shear stress Shields stress T critical Shields stress Ti reference value of 7 Ta drag shear stress Ti actual fluid shear stress T average bed shear stress equal to y RS or v RHS Ta shear stress on a horizontal plane K Po T It 78 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 Ea Appendix B Using WinXSPRO With Spreadsheet Programs WinXSPRO can use geometric data that has been saved previously to a spreadsheet program As the WinXSPRO program reads geometric data from text files a text file must be created from the spreadsheet before the data can be used in an analysis There are two ways to create text files from a spreadsheet 1 copying from the spreadsheet and pasting data into WinXSPRO using the Windows clipboard or 2 saving the spreadsheet data directly to a text file To use the first method open a new plan in WinXSPRO and click the Modify Da
130. s Notepad or with spreadsheet programs like Excel saving the files in a tab delimited format see section 4 3 1 In all of these instances the created file containing the geometric data for a cross section should be checked to ensure that the filename extension is renamed to sec 4 5 1 1 Input File Selection An input file must be specified in this field in order for WinXSPRO to run although any file name may be used input files have a default extension of sec For new files you must first create a new plan and then you can type the name for the cross section geometry file you wish to create in the blank field and select the Modify Data button to enter your cross section point coordinates For existing files either type the name directly in the blank field or choose the Input File Select button Selecting this button will lead to a typical Windows file dialog where an input file may be searched for anywhere within your computer system To select a file from the list simply click on the file name then click on OK or just double click on the file name 4 5 1 2 Creating Modifying Input File Data When the Modify Data button is chosen from the Main Plan Window the Input Data Editor appears on the screen Figure 4 2 If the input file already exists you will see columns of data in the chosen file If you are creating a new file the editor will not contain any data The Input Data Editor works like most popular spreadsheet program
131. s To add data or edit a cell simply click on the cell and type in the data Double clicking on a particular cell will cause a cursor to appear in the cell so that individual numerals and text may be edited To insert a row click on the Bunning WinXSPRO 31 Insert Row button and a row will be inserted above the currently highlighted row To insert a column click on the Insert Column button and a column will be inserted to the left of the currently highlighted column To delete a row or column simply click on the appropriate button and the currently highlighted row or column will be deleted To cut copy and paste rows and columns use the Windows shortcut keys CTRL X CTRL C and CTRL V respectively Note that data copied to the Windows clipboard from other programs may be pasted directly into the Input Data Editor To specify a stable point used in the Compare Area Option type in the letter S next to the appropriate value in the second column read by the program see row 12 in Figure 4 2 For position elevation or elevation position data collection methods this will be column B For User Defined File Format it will be the column corresponding to the highest number specified in the User Defined File Format Dialog e g 2 column B 3 column C etc WinXSPRO Input Data Editor xi Figure 4 2 Input data editor The letter S must be in the same cell as the value shown in Figure 4 2 For the Compare Areas option
132. s menu apply to the graphics and charts available under WinXSPRO The main sub menus under the Options Menu are General Axis Copy Print Save As Ratio Plot Parameters and Export You can format any element of a WinXSPRO chart by changing settings ina dialog box displayed by making a selection from Option menu Most WinXSPRO dialog boxes provide sets of options grouped on separate tabs As you click on each tab the controls in the dialog box change to allow you to edit a different set of options Any options that are not appropriate for the current chart type or situation are grayed The descriptions of options presented below are intended to provide a brief overview of what each option can do more detailed information on each item can be found in the help screens Alternatively right clicking on the chart with the mouse will also bring up options to change the chart accordingly 4 9 4 1 General This option brings up a customization dialog This has several tabs that allow you to change the look and feel of the chart 4 9 4 2 Axis Under this sub menu you may choose Format The Format option lets you specify the number of places shown after the decimal point 0 to 3 for values on each of the axes 4 9 4 3 Copy The Copy command will copy the selected chart to the Windows clipboard The chart may then be pasted into another Windows application Running WinXSPRO 47 4 9 4 4 Print Selecting Print will cause a dialog box to appear
133. se of WinXSPRO WinXSPRO is an interactive Windows software package designed to assist watershed specialists in analyzing stream channel cross section data for geometric hydraulic and sediment transport parameters Although the program can be used with streams of any gradient it has been specifically developed to handle channel geometry and hydraulic conditions for single transects in steep gradient gt 0 01 streams Several resistance equations are supported including those specifically designed for large roughness channels Analysis options include developing stage to discharge relationships calculating depth required to inundate valley floor surfaces evaluating changes in channel cross sectional area and computing sediment transport rates Both graphical and tabular output can be generated WinXSPRO can assist resource specialists in analyzing instream flow needs performing hydraulic reconstructions designing effective channel and riparian structures and monitoring channel changes 1 2 Applications of WinXSPRO Information on stream channel geometry hydraulic characteristics and sediment transport rates is useful for channel design restoration of riparian areas and placement of instream structures The analyses of cross section hydraulics along with an evaluation of flood frequency are primary considerations in channel design Once a desired bank full flow is defined the channel is designed to contain that flow and higher flows a
134. se the units selected here regardless of the input units 4 6 Cross Section Window When the required information has been entered on the Main Plan Window and the plan is run the Cross Section Window is one of two that appears on the screen for all analysis methods The other window that appears is the Stage and Section Window described in the next section these two windows are shown together in Figure 5 4 The Cross Section Window shows the cross section as it has been read in by the program and after any corrections have been made for the data collection method Sag Tape or Rod and Level By right clicking on the graph you may view the data points include data labels allow for zoom and also change the look of the graph You may also change the fonts colors and other properties of the plot or send the plot to the printer by using the options available under the Options pull down menu described in Section 4 9 4 4 7 Stage amp Section Window This window appears below the Cross Section Window described above and provides you with fields that need to be filled with the additional parameters needed to complete the analysis These windows are shown in Figure 5 4 The window is divided into two areas one for stages and slopes and the other for section boundaries When all the information has been entered click on the Calc button and view the output file If you have selected a hydraulic analysis using Manning s equation the Manning s n
135. ta button to enter the Input Data Editor From your spreadsheet program select the rows and columns of data you will use for the analysis Copy the selected data to the clipboard by either pressing CTRL C from the keyboard clicking on the copy icon on the toolbar or selecting copy from the spreadsheet pull down menu Then in the WinXSPRO Input Data Editor click on the location where you wanted the data inserted Then use the CTRL V command from the keyboard to paste the data Next use the Save As button to save your new input data file The name of the file will automatically be inserted in the Input File Name field on the Main Plan Window The second method of using spreadsheet data with WinXSPRO involves creating an ASCII text file from your spreadsheet program Although the procedure may be different depending on the spreadsheet application you use the concept is the same Some spreadsheets use the Save As command to generate a ASCII text file while others use the Print to File command The procedure outlined illustrates the steps necessary to create a ASCII text file from Microsoft Excel 5 0 and Excel 2000 In the active worksheet select Save As from the File pull down menu The Save As dialog box will now be the active window Figure B 1 Enter a name for your file in the box under File Name then choose Formatted Text Space delimited from the drop down list under Save File as Type Note that your file has been automatically assigned a
136. ta editor Clicking on the Cancel button after making changes to a file will cause you to exit the data editor without saving the changes 4 5 1 3 Data Collection Method WinXSPRO supports two data survey methods Sag Tape or Rod and Level To select an option other than the one currently shown for this field click once on the down arrow just to the right of the field Then click on the desired option from the list of possible options note that other fields such as Data Format work in this same way For the two survey types Sag Tape or Rod and Level data correction may be made for uneven tape end elevations tape physical characteristics and tape sag The sag tape forms a catenary curve and if elevation data are measured from the streambed to the tape these data will be incorrect If the survey method was rod and level the tape is assumed to be without sag If the tape ends for either method are uneven distance measurements using that method will be incorrect If you select either of the two specific survey methods Sag Tape or Rod and Level you will be prompted with an input window to enter the data to be used for correction of the sag For rod and level an elevation difference between the ends of the tape needs to be entered only if the tape elevations at both are not the same For sag tape a tape end elevation difference a tape tension and a tape weight need to be entered Note that by choosing either of these methods WinXSPRO perfor
137. tename gsd is created in the current directory When the OK button is selected the cumulative grain size plot will be displayed in one window and the output file in a separate window The format of the input file is described in Section 4 5 1 4 The output file gsd consists of data in two columns one being the grain size in centimeters and the other the cumulative percent finer for the grain size 1 e the percentage of the sample with a grain size less than the grain size in question The output graph is plotted with linear scales on both the x and y axes Grain size distributions are often plotted with a logarithmic scale on the x axis To do this go to the toolbar click on Options then General then go to the Axis tab and check the Log button under x axis followed by clicking the Apply or OK button Running WinXSPRO 45 4 9 3 3 Bed load Rating Curve Selecting this option will compute and plot a bed load rating curve using the Parker 1990 bed load function NOTE You must first have run the Nelson et al method for computing the resistance equation in order to generate the required default output file necessary to use this option You may then rerun any of the other resistance equations before proceeding with your bed load rating curve analysis You will be prompted for an input file name The input file name should be the name of your hydraulic output file usually having a out extension When the OK button is selected a plot of th
138. ter a valid file and path name 38 Invalid value for temperature The temperature entry data field in the Ackers White window is either empty or has alphanumeric character s Only Numeric values can be entered Appen D 89 39 Invalid value for D50 The D50 entry data field in the Ackers White window is either empty or has alphanumeric character s Only Numeric values can be entered 40 Input file invalid or does not exist Please check the path and file name In the main Plan Window the Input File field contains incorrect data Check to make sure file has right type of data and is correctly formatted 41 There is no entry for the X Axis decimal point format In the Options menu Axis Format Axis X Decimal Point Number Format does not contain any data 42 There is no entry for the Y Axis decimal point format In the Options menu Axis Format Axis Y Decimal Point Number Format does not contain any data 43 Invalid number for the X Axis range 0 3 In the Options menu Axis Format Axis X Decimal Point Number Format the valid range is O no decimal point to a maximum of 3 decimal points 44 Invalid number for the Y Axis range 0 3 In the Options menu Axis Format Axis Y Decimal Point Number Format the valid range is O no decimal point to a maximum of 3 decimal points 45 File does not exist or Corrupt Input file Please select a different input
139. testing and publication were supported by the Division of Resource Services and the Technology Transfer Staff Bureau of Land Management Service Center Denver Colorado This version was published as Grant Gordon E Duval Joseph E Koerper Greg J and James L Fogg 1992 XSPRO A Channel Cross Section Analyzer USDI Bureau of Land Management and USDA Forest Service Technical Note 387 BLM SC PT 92 001 7200 Denver CO The development of a Windows based program renamed WinXSPRO Versions 2 x was supported by the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Stream Systems Technology Center Fort Collins Colorado Version 2 added and improved many of the channel hydraulics features of the program and added bed load sediment transport modeling capabilities provided by Dr Jon Nelson Research Hydrologist U S Geological Survey Water Resources Division Denver Colorado Programming document revision and coding of the sediment transport relations were supervised by Mr Marty Teal WEST Consultants Inc San Diego California This version was distributed as USDA Forest Service 1998 WinXSPRO A Channel Cross Section Analyzer User s Manual USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins CO unpublished manuscript Version 3 is also a Windows based version of WinXSPRO supported by the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Stream Systems Technology Center Fort Collins Colorado It cont
140. to Example_2 xsp When you have made these changes select the Run button from the Plan window in order to conduct the analysis WinXSPRO will again display the Stage and Section window for user input Enter a low stage of 0 01 and a high stage of 4 0 The slopes for both stages should be set to 0 01 The stage increment can be set to 1 0 However since only the total discharge is desired at a stage of 288 i e 4 feet there is no reason to mark subsection boundaries as was done in example problem 1 Therefore all fields in the Section Boundaries window can be left blank When the data have been entered the Calc button can be selected to generate the results WinXSPRO will compute the output parameters and display them in the output file window The WinXSPRO output file is shown in Figure 5 10 Beto Problems 63 KKK KEKKEKKEK EEK K EERSTE SAT TNH XS PRO FAA TAA TEA EAA EEA EERE A TEAR EERE AE C Thom WinXSPRO Manual Example 2 out Input File C Thom WinkxSPRO Manual Example 1 sec Run Date 03 07 04 Analysis Procedure Hydraulics Cross Section Number 1 Survey Date 03 07 04 Example Problem 2 Subsections Dividing positions A 55 007 Resistance Method Thorne and Zevenbergen D84 300 000 mm Unadjusted horizontal distances used STAGE SEC AREA PERIM WIDTH R DHYD SLOPE n VAVG Q SHEAR ft sq ft ft ift ft ift ift ft ft s cfs psf 0 01 T 0 00 0 05 0 05 0 00 0 01 0 0100 29 688 0 00 0 00 0 00 iok T 2 55 5 44 5 0
141. to transform an unstable channel into a stable one CLAY See Table C 1 COBBLES See Table C 1 CHANNEL ARMOR See ARMORING CRITICAL DEPTH If discharge is held constant and the water depth allowed to decrease as in the case of water approaching a free overfall velocity head will increase pressure head will decrease and total energy will decrease toward a minimum value where the rate of decrease in the pressure head is just counter balanced by the rate of increase in velocity head This is the critical depth More generally the critical depth is the depth of flow that would produce the minimum total energy head CRITICAL FLOW The state of flow where the water depth is at the critical depth and when the inertial and gravitational forces are equal CROSS SECTION Depicts the shape of the channel in which a stream flows Measured by surveying the streambed elevation across the stream on a line perpendicular to the flow Necessary data for the computation of hydraulic and sediment transport information CROSS SECTIONAL AREA The area of a cross section between the streambed and the water surface DEPTH OF FLOW The depth of flow is the vertical distance from the bed of a stream to the water surface DISCHARGE The discharge Q is the volume of a fluid or solid passing a cross section of a stream per unit time ENERGY GRADE LINE In open channel flow it is equal to the water surface elevation plus the velocity head aV 2g FREQUENCY The nu
142. type of analysis being performed whether the horizontal distances have been adjusted or not and pertinent input data The channel subsections are indicated by letters and the dividing stations between subsection s are given For each stage properties are listed first for each subsection A B etc and then for the total section T The geometric and hydraulic properties listed in columns three through twelve are area wetted perimeter top width hydraulic radius hydraulic depth slope equivalent Manning s n value average velocity discharge and shear stress In the next section of the output file two total section properties are also listed for each stage the velocity distribution coefficient Alpha and the Froude Number 52 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 SSE EES The velocity distribution coefficient Alpha is an index of how uniform i e 1 0 or non uniform the velocity for a given stage is distributed between defined channel subsections It is computed as the ratio of resistance of each defined section divided by the total cross section resistance Resistance for each section and the total for the cross section are computed using elements of Manning s Equation Resistance 1 486 Area Hydraulic Radius CD x 1 n Alpha Resistance subsection Resistance total section Note that data that are extrapolated i e the stage is higher than one of the ends of the cross section are marked with an after the discharge value on the
143. uation for estimating mean cross section velocity Manning s equation was developed for conditions of uniform flow described previously Lacking a better solution it is assumed that the equation is also valid for non uniform reaches that are invariably encountered in natural channels if the energy gradient is modified to reflect only the losses due to boundary friction Dalrymple and Benson 1967 The Manning equation for mean velocity is given as V k p2sgi2 1 n average velocity in the cross section ft s or m s 1 0 for metric units and 1 486 for English units Manning s roughness coefficient hydraulic radius ft or meters and energy slope ft ft or m m water surface slope for uniform flow where UWIS II Theoretical Basis 7 SSS re i ee In Manning s equation resistance to flow due to friction at the channel boundary is addressed through the use of a roughness coefficient n supplied by the user of the equation The roughness coefficient may be thought of as an index of the features of channel roughness that contribute to the dissipation of stream energy There are three methods for estimating Manning s roughness coefficient for natural channels direct solution of Manning s equation for n given R S and V in the above equation comparison with computed n values for other channels and formulas relating n to other hydraulic parameters Each method has its own limitations and advantages The method of dire
144. ues calculated with the above equation to actual n values obtained from cross sections with measured hydraulic geometry and flow data The average standard error of the estimated n values was 28 percent and ranged from 24 percent to 32 percent Jarrett found the equation to slightly overestimate n with the greatest errors typically associated with low flow measurements when the ratio of R dso is less than 7 WinXSPRO supports the use of Jarrett s equation for estimating Manning s roughness coefficient and mean cross section velocity Again the limitations of the data from which the equation was developed should be considered when performing a cross section analysis Specifically the equation is limited to the following conditions Natural channels having stable bed and bank materials gravels cobbles and boulders Water surface slopes between 0 2 and 4 0 percent Hydraulic radii from 0 5 to 7 0 feet 0 15 to 2 1 meters Cross sections unaffected by downstream obstructions i e no backwater and Streams having relatively small amounts of suspended sediment Aaa cle Because Jarrett s equation includes hydraulic radius as a parameter for estimating Manning s n it is sensitive to changes in depth The negative exponent associated with the hydraulic radius term indicates diminishing resistance with increasing depth However the relatively low value of this exponent n is only sensitive to the 0 16 power of hydraulic radius means that n w
145. ugh one of the following media Please specify the publication title and series number Fort Collins Service Center Telephone FAX E mail Web site Mailing address 970 498 1392 970 498 1396 rschneider fs fed us http www fs fed us rm Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins CO 80526 Rocky Mountain Research Station Natural Resources Research Center 2150 Centre Avenue Building A Fort Collins CO 80526 RMRS ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION The Rocky Mountain Research Station develops scientific information and technology to improve management protection and use of the forests and rangelands Research is designed to meet the needs of the National Forest managers Federal and State agencies public and private organizations academic institutions industry and individuals Studies accelerate solutions to problems involving ecosystems range forests water recreation fire resource inventory land reclamation community sustainability forest engineering technology multiple use economics wildlife and fish habitat and forest insects and diseases Studies are conducted cooperatively and applications may be found worldwide Research Locations Flagstaff Arizona Reno Nevada Fort Collins Colorado Albuquerque New Mexico Boise Idaho Rapid City South Dakota Moscow Idaho Logan Utah Bozeman Montana Ogden Utah Missoula Montana Provo Utah
146. ulated using the particle size s of the substrate whereas the 1990 function uses the particle size s of the surface layer The reformulated definition is 0 00218 exp 14 2 1 9 28 1 7 1 lt lt 1 59 4 5 S 50 0 00218 4 lt 1 50 W 1of1 Da gt 1 59 14 All variables are defined and the bed load discharge is calculated in the same manner as described above WinXSPRO performs bed load calculations using a single representative grain size D50 For situations where the total volume of sediment moved is all that is needed Parker 1990 with the dso size is sufficient provided the grain size distribution is typical of gravel channels If the grain size distribution is poorly sorted or bimodal it is probably better to use a different formulation of the Parker function that permits computation by individual size fractions 2 6 2 Ackers and White 1973 Function This relation differs from the bed load function in that it is designed to calculate the total sediment load i e the bed load and suspended bed material sediment load combined The equations presented here are intended for the computation of sand transport in sand bedded streams with bed material ranging from 0 04 to 2 5 mm Calibration of the relation was accomplished using 925 sets of data from 14 investigators Ackers and White developed a general sediment transport function that determines the rate of transport in terms of three dimensio
147. un command will cause the listed output file to be created overwriting any existing file with the same path and file name 40 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 eee 4 9 1 6 Preferences This option allows you to specify preferences for output variables and format for the hydraulic analyses and also lets you set default variables for new plans Plan Defaults Every time you create a new plan the various parameters listed will be set to the chosen default values The items for which default values may be set are Data Collection Method Analysis Procedure Data Format Resistance Equation Position and Elevation column numbers for the User Defined File Format option dg4 particle diameter Units for input output and dg4 and Output Mode Note Selection of the Geometry Analysis Option under Analysis Procedures will have no effect since this option is disabled 4 9 1 7 Print This print command can be used to print text or graphs and charts The Print command under the Options menu can also be used to print graphs and charts Shortcuts for using this command are CTRL P from the keyboard or the print icon from the toolbar This command will bring up the Print dialog box which contains the following options Printer This displays the active printer and printer connection Choose the Setup option to change the printer and printer connection Setup Displays a Print Setup dialog box so you can select a printer and printer connection see Print Setup optio
148. view of Program U SEnsseeek ge E E a a e a EESE 28 44 Creating a PLAN gessvavnsexiealapeacieassveseis innin ar a aa N E A a s 28 4 5 M Pla Window scaer nan a e e t alaa 30 4 6 Gross Section WInd W siei a oa e EEE E E eens 36 4 7 Stage amp Section WAINKdOW facies dan eed sal tet cn tata eurem leat anal Matada anal sande mee 36 4 8 Maa aA WAIN WW a a E L nae Sige E ean obeete 37 4 9 PULL dowa Men ss sarot ai E E AT ven E 38 AV Toolbar nsii n a a E a E a ees 50 AML Output PUES sei vcs cseteiccciieveyegctes sie ei aaen e deeds aS ETE EET 51 Chapter Example Proble MSsir ieiti gati i e a e e e eres 54 5 1 Example Probl m 1 vsjcisicssaacccassceissaavadsnecsaacisssian ss segodanceed eat a oe G Ra 54 5 2 gt Example Problem 2 rne e a boas A RE ON setae EEE 62 5 3 Example Problem te ome ee ean ne tye ne RRR an a a a A a aaa 65 IA Example Problem A iina n E E lous Gaia EE EEE EE EE ee Rs 68 Chapter 6 Reference S innn arene a a a a a Re N 13 Appendix A List of Symbols 2 23 2ectass cies ieee ate taeeeete dled eed ene ee eee eed 76 Appendix B Using WinXSPRO With Spreadsheet Programs esceeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeceaeeneeeseeeenees 78 Appendix C GIOSSa Y evscc22steesd seca ccetactavterabesises aa EAEE ERE SEE tees EEEE T KRE Ra SESS 79 Appendix D Error and Warning Messages ss sccsesscesereeecerseccosseesceteccetseccetneecontesserseceessens 86 Appendix E WinXSPRO Sample Piles 0 ovine PA Cae eee ed ess 92 Typica
149. w depth that is the size of the largest particles should be at least 5 of the flow depth 16 WinXSPRO Version 3 0 SSS a Determining a stage discharge with the Nelson et al method requires information about the bed particle size distribution Because the relative protrusion of the particles into the flow varies significantly with flow depth the computed vertical velocity structure also varies with flow depth As the flow becomes very deep the vertical structure over most of the depth asymptotically approaches a quasi logarithmic profile At shallower depths the velocity profile varies in a relatively complicated manner as a function of the grain geometry of the bed Due to this complexity approaches using constant friction or Manning coefficients frequently fail to yield valid predictions of the stage discharge relation Using the computational procedures described in Nelson et al 1991 the spatial variation in velocity profile is computed and a relation between the velocity profile and the depth is found using bed particle size data that is relatively easy to measure The computations provide a link between the discharge and boundary shear stress distribution of the channel bed that is used along with the stream geometry to obtain a stage discharge relation To compute the discharge for a given stage the computed velocity profiles for various depths are integrated vertically and across the channel using the surveyed
150. whose values determine the characteristics or behavior of something PARTICLE SIZE A linear dimension usually designated as diameter used to characterize the size of a particle The dimension may be determined by any of several different techniques including sedimentation sieving micrometric measurement or direct measurement PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION See GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION RATING CURVE See STAGE DISCHARGE CURVE REACH 1 The length of a channel uniform with respect to discharge depth area and slope e g study reach typical channel reach or degrading reach etc 2 The length of a stream between two specified gauging stations apponi C 83 RECURRENCE INTERVAL The reciprocal of the probability of an event within one time unit For example if the probability of a certain flow occurring in one year is 0 01 then the recurrence interval also sometimes called the return period is 1 0 01 100 years This means that spacing between events is on the average 100 years not that the event will occur exactly every 100 years RELATIVE ROUGHNESS The ratio of the hydraulic radius to a representative grain size usually defined as R dga RIPPLES Small triangular shaped bed forms similar to dunes but have much smaller heights and are 0 3m or less in length They develop when the Froude number is less than 0 3 SEDIMENT 1 Particles derived from rocks or biological materials that have been transported by a

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