SDK-86 MeS-86 SYSTEM DESIGN KIT ASSEMBLY MANUAL
Contents
1. 3 9 Function Key Checkout 2 rr mes 3 10 v vi 1 1 BEFORE STARTING If you haven t already noticed all of the parts for your MCS 86 System Design Kit SDK 86 have been included in a skin wrapped package Don t open the package yet Do a little reading first and you may save yourself time and expense AXE The metal oxide semiconductor MOS in tegrated circuits included in your kit can be permanently damaged by static electricity Do not remove an integrated circuit from its protective black foam backing until you have read the precautions and until you have been instructed to do so This manual has been prepared only after the assembly of several kits by a number of persons of varying experience In this chapter you will find vir tually everything you need to know in order to assem ble your SDK 86 Included within this chapter are suggestions for lay ing out an efficient work area All of the tools and materials that you will need are described in a check list and there is a complete and detailed parts list Basic soldering and assembly techniques also are reviewed By carefully reading this book and by faithfully following the step by step assembly in structions your chances for a mistake will be reduced greatly If you re an experienced kit builder you already know that it s a good idea to read through this manual before starting your project When you start to assemble your kit take your time2. SDK 86 MCS 86 SYSTEM DESIGN KIT ASSEMBLY MANUAL Manual Order No 9800697B Copyright 1978 Intel Corporation Intel Corporation 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara California 95051 ii The information in this document is subject to change without notice Intel Corporation makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document Intel Corporation makes no commitment to update nor to keep current the information contained in this document No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of Intel Corporation The following are trademarks of Intel Corporation and may be used only to describe Intel products ICE LIBRARY MANAGER PROMPT INSITE MCS RMX INTEL MEGACHASSIS UPI INTELLEC MICROMAP uSCOPE iSBC MULTIBUS Printed in U S A B142 1178 5K WHM CHAPTER 1 PAGE GETTING STARTED BelOre Starting vua el aies Steen 1 1 Getting Organized 1 1 The Tools You Will Need 1 1 Unpacking and Sorting Parts 1 3 Hardware eee yo RU e Rie RA Y 1 3 Binding Posts ess pe wx ER REX 1 3 Headers voles eee exte NUDO en 1 3 Miscellaneous une Y ex RE Ce b 1 3 Resistors 1 4 Watt 5
3. denotes the current version of the keypad monitor program supplied with your kit This number is subject to change to denote subsequent program revision NOTE If random segments light up on the display elements it s possible that you have reversed the positions of the two KEYPAD ROMs Check to be sure that ROM 9100167 has been inserted into the socket at A27 and that ROM 9100168 has been inserted into the socket at A30 Change 1 SDK 86 3 5 CHECKOUT PROCEDURE The following checkout procedures are intended only to verify the operation of the display and the keypad switches DISPLAY ELEMENT CHECKOUT The following keying sequence checks to be sure that each segment of each display element lights up Press aa The display will go out blank while the switch is depressed and will repeat the sign on message when released Press Press Press Press Press Press JERBE Press qm Ld aa i ful zu Press Press Press DNE ee Le ee ee ies ss YE If each segment of each element lights up the red display filter can be mounted permanently in place To mount the display filter remove the covering from one side of each of the adhesive strips Stick an adhesive strip across the bottom and across the top of each set of display elements and then remove the covering from the top of each strip Remove the pro tective covering from the red display filter center the filter over the display e
4. dimple or bump PIN 1 Whether or not pin 1 is marked it is always in the same position with respect to the notch p umi Be very careful to install integrated circuits correctly Once an integrated circuit has been soldered in place the recommended way to remove the integrated circuit is to cut it out which destroys the circuit DIODES Diodes also must be installed in the proper direction Looking at one of the diodes one end has a black band this end is called the cathode The circuit board pad for the cathode is square Also the part location line silkscreened on the board includes the diode logic symbol The banded end of the diode goes to the square pad in the direction of the arrowhead BANDED END is SQUARE PAD 1 9 Getting Started ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS Electrolytic capacitors have a positive and a negative end Looking at the leads of one of the electrolytic capacitors the negative lead is in direct contact with the body of the capacitor and the positive lead is in sulated from the body and is noticeably larger at the point where the lead touches the body On the circuit board a small plus sign is silkscreened near the positive hole to indicate the position of the capacitor s positive lead RESISTOR PACKS Two styles of resistor packs are included in the kit and both must be installed correctly in the circuit board Pin 1 of a single in line resistor pack depend ing on th
5. 1 1 Getting Started SDK 86 O Soldering pencil Not more than 30 watts with an It also may prove useful to have a extra small diameter tip 1 16 inch O Soldering aid with a small tipped fork at one end and a reamer at the other This tool will help to maneuver leads into holes and to manipulate small parts O Rosin core solder 60 40 60 tin 40 lead small diameter 0 05 inch or less In the event that you happen to make an error and must remove a part that has been soldered from the circuit board the following items will simplify the operation O Desoldering device either the bulb variety shown or the pump variety NOTE Soldering paste or flux is not needed The solder contains a sufficient amount of flux O Volt Ohm Milliameter O Length of copper braid solder wick to draw solder out of a hole or to remove a solder bridge between circuits SDK 86 1 4 UNPACKING AND SORTING PARTS The MCS 86 System Design Kit is shipped in a skin wrapped low profile package that includes a con ductive foam backing under the top template to pro tect the MOS integrated circuits from static charges Do not remove an integrated circuit from the foam backing until you have read the precautions in this chapter and until you have been instructed to do so Using a sharp knife or razor blade slice and remove the skin wrapping over the large unlabeled template pocke
6. L Solder the two capacitors in place and clip their leads SDK 86 Assembling Your Kit ASSEMBLY OF THE RAM AREA WAIT STATE GENERATOR 3 Bn de U S EIS jte a s CA T P lg U an papati lif Jh JEDE 5 A DRE dnm vo Ein Eom Jof orm ibm KE m D ED ERE ESS Ss J l ER mi g e L 00800 gt ooFFF Insert a 0 1 pF ceramic capacitor at the following Insert a 20 pin integrated circuit socket at the follow cient locanons ing four locations C45 C A38 Cl C47 O Adi Cl C48 O A43 CSI Oh A45 O C44 m O C46 Cl Solder the four sockets in place O C49 O x52 C Solder the eight capacitors in place and clip their leads Assembling Your Kit SDK 86 ASSEMBLY OF THE KEYPAD DISPLAY AREA KEYPAD DISPLAY DS1 S1 DS2 S2 DS3 Insert a 22 ohm red red black resistor at R25 solder it in place and clip its leads O Insert a 40 pin integrated circuit socket at A31 and solder it in place Insert the 7445 integrated circuit at A32 Insert the 74LS156 integrated circuit at A33 Insert the ULN2003A or 75468 integrated circuit at A34 Solder the three integrated circuits in place i i 7 EL LILI Insert a 2 2k ohm dual in line resistor pack at RP6 2 12 SDK 86 C Insert the 110 ohm dual in line resistor pack at RP7 CO Insert the 22 ohm dual in line resistor pack at RP8 C Check the orientation of pin 1 on the three resistor p
7. identified and counted check to see that the rest of the pocket contains the following parts Note that only the integrated circuit identifying numbers and letters are listed and that the prefix or suffix letters stamped on the part itself are omitted from the following list For example an SN74LS20N integrated circuit is identified only as a 74L S20 the SN prefix and the N suffix are omitted The integrated circuits in this area are not MOS devices and therefore can be handled carefully However it may make your job easier if you leave these parts in their foam backing until you are ready to install them Getting Started SDK 86 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS TRANSISTOR PACKS 8286 or 8304 52 178 74LS00 54 099 74LS04 54 096 74LS10 54 111 74LS14 54 211 74LS20 54 230 74830 54 158 7445 54 258 74LS74 54 097 748133 54 219 74LS156 54 213 74LS164 54 250 74LS244 54 205 748313 54 206 74LS393 54 256 ULN2003A or 75468 54 257 Ek 3 Q2T2905 54 161 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SOCKETS 40 Pin Socket Shown 4 40 pin 68 009 L1 1 28 pin 68 177 L 4 24 pin 68 007 O 11 20 pin 68 277 o 5 18 pin 68 003 O 8 14 pin 68 005 CONNECTORS O 1 25 pin 68 198 SDK 86 DUAL IN LINE RESISTOR PACKS Oo 1 22 ohms 14 pin 56 326 O 1 110 ohms 16 pin 56 325 O 2 2 2k ohms 16 pin 56 104 Without removing the skin wra
8. insert the screw through the hole from the top of the board In order place a sleeve and another nylon washer on the screw from the bottom of the board and twist a pad onto the screw With your screwdriver tighten the screw just enough to hold the pad firmly 2 1 Assembling Your Kit ASSEMBLY OF THE WAIT STATE GENERATOR AREA 2 2 WAIT STATE GENERATOR SDK 86 Insert do not circuit at A2 solder the 74LS20 integrated Insert the 74L S00 integrated circuit at A3 CL Insert the 74LS164 integrated circuit at AS 2 2 Check the orientation of the three integrated circuits The notch of each integrated circuit should be to your left and pin 1 should be aligned with the white dot silkscreened on the board O Turn the board over and solder each integrated circuit in place Do not clip the pins Insert a 0 1 pF ceramic capacitor at the following three locations o LI 0 oO C3 C4 C C6 watch the holes Solder the three capacitors in place and clip their leads Avoid possible eye injury by holding the end of the lead in your hand while clipping Insert the 2 by 3 pin header at W36 W38 The short pins are inserted into the board Insert a 2 by 8 pin header at W27 W34 Insert the 2 pin header at W39 Solder the three headers in place Insert the 2 2k ohm 8 pin single in line resistor pack at RP1 Be sure that pin 1 of the pack is in serted into pad 1 Solder the res
9. number and if it s an integrated circuit with the in tegrated circuit part number For small two lead parts a line has been silkscreened between its two associated pads while with the larger multi pin parts the part outline has been silkscreened directly on the board Before inserting an integrated circuit socket or tran sistor or resistor pack check to be sure that all of the pins are straight If necessary straighten any bent pins with your needle nose pliers Occasionally the pins of an integrated circuit may be spread too far apart to be inserted easily into the board If this hap pens carefully grip the pins on one side in mass with your needle nose pliers and gently bend the pins inward If it still does not fit bend the pins inward on the other side After inserting an integrated circuit or transistor or resistor pack carefully check to be sure that 1 The correct part has been inserted 2 The part is facing the right direction 3 There are no bent pins all pins must be visible from the bottom of the board Only when the above conditions have been checked carefully should the part be soldered in place Remember that once an incorrectly installed in tegrated circuit has been soldered in place the recom mended method of removal is to cut out the in tegrated circuit SDK 86 NOTE Although resistors can be inserted in either direction it is good practice to insert all color coded resistors
10. right soldering equipment a little care for the tip of the pencil certainly is worth men tioning When soldering the tip must be kept clean If your pencil holder does not include a sponge and basin dampen an old sponge with water and keep it on a plate or ashtray near the holder When residue or excess solder builds up on the tip draw the tip over the sponge a few times When clean tin the tip by melting a smail amount of solder directly on the tip A clean and properly tinned tip is very shiny If you are right handed hold the pencil in your right hand and conversely if you are left handed hold the pencil in your left hand Since most people have better control with their natural hand the chances of slipping with the pencil and damaging the board or burning yourself are much less To solder a part place the tip of the pencil on the pad and against the lead at the same time this causes both the pad and lead to be heated evenly Apply solder from the side opposite the tip Allow the solder to melt against the lead and pad and then remove both the solder and tip Only a small amount of solder is needed for a good bond between the lead and pad The following illustrations show a cross section view of good and bad solder bonds or joints A good solder joint will be bright shiny and the solder around the lead and pad referred to as the fillet will be distributed evenly The shape of th
11. so that the color bands are always read from the same direction for instance top to bottom or left to right 1 11 HANDLING MOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS IMPORTANT In Chapters 2 and 3 when you are instructed to in stall any of the large MOS integrated circuits always observe the following precautions before you remove the skin wrap and pick up the circuit 1 Touch the black foam backing Simply put your fingers on any exposed foam area 2 Rub your fingers across the pads where you are going to insert the integrated circuit If the circuit is to be inserted into a socket touch the socket pins on the bottom of the board 3 Avoid touching the pins of the integrated circuit as much as possible 4 Avoid getting up and walking around which could build up a static charge on your body until you have inserted the integrated circuit in the board or into its socket 1 12 SOLDERING PARTS After a part or group of parts is inserted within an area the board is turned over and the parts are soldered in place To prevent parts from slipping or falling out when turning the board over a piece of foam about 1 foot square can be placed over the parts to hold them in place or if desired parts can be taped down on the board with masking or similar type tape Small components particularly the tiny capacitors can be tack soldered applying just enough solder to form a bond between one of the leads and its pad on the t
12. 1 4 Resistors 1 Watt 5 cursus tar ut 1 4 Resistor Color Code cios defini res 1 4 Cd DAacitOIsS Lug nau ob Ra Roe AIR S ete a 1 5 Capacitor Value Code 1 5 Diodes tandis Seen na d EE d ea 1 5 CE SEI Sus dts Sete pM ua Ta Ves anes rg dp 1 5 Single In Line Resistor Packs 1 5 Integrated Circuits 1 6 Transistor PACKS oue e sut een rentes 1 6 Integrated Circuit Sockets 1 6 CONNECIOIS 10 0 is doy orbe ER ER RO 44 wae ORE 1 6 Dual In Line Resistor Packs 1 7 Integrated Circuits 695 vus po ry v x RERERE Ya 1 7 Display Elements b c o aU a AC 1 7 Switches o ob OE ent Pare a 1e SAC ends 1 7 Basic Soldering Techniques 1 8 Basic Assembly Techniques 1 9 Circuit Board Layout 322 104 annee wert E 1 9 Part Orientation ecne oe ey xa eo PA series d 1 9 Integrated Circuits e455 exea ee SCR vs 1 9 Diodes 224 cose REX ER Eau ate a ate aut eruca 1 9 Electrolytic Capacitors 1 10 Resistor PACKS ES dE NE lec ER 1 10 Transistor Packs 1 10 Lead Bending hassan godes pac gue TT 1 10 Inserting Parts rudes lie dede 1 10 Handling MOS Integrated Circuits 1 11 Soldering Paris eut ann Rea ated oed ons cds 1 11 Clipping Bean d barasser 1 11 Removing Parts cs dane west dames Vel aa 1 11 CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 PAGE ASSEMBLING YOUR K
13. 7 O A8 H O AIO E re bem ji T im f mo perme Jafon HE m IE O All 1 HIHI o n O A14 CL Solder the seven sockets in place Insert a 0 1 uF ceramic capacitor at the following seven locations O C8 C9 C10 C12 C13 C15 O C16 Ex ra op ds Solder the seven capacitors in place and clip their leads SDK 86 Assembling Your Kit ASSEMBLY OF THE SERIAL INTERFACE AREA ME bem DEC EC do Ja ul oO va Cort Try 3 m C mos L MDS z CRT TTY CEECEE naaa uj Insert the 430 ohm 1 watt resistor at R2 When correctly inserted the band will be towards the square pad Insert the 330 ohm orange orange brown 1 watt resistor at R3 O Solder the three diodes in place and clip their leads 1 Solder the two resistors in place and clip their leads C Insert a 560k ohm green blue yellow resistor at R6 Insert a 1N914 or TI914 diode at the following three locations O Insert a 110 ohm brown brown brown resistor O CRI at R7 O CR2 Q Insert the 4 7k ohm yellow violet red resistor at O CR3 R9 2 5 Assembling Y our Kit H oe AG alt H L O 000 0 oO Insert a Ik ohm brown black red resistor at R12 Solder the four resistors in place and clip their leads Insert a 47 ohm yellow violet black resistor at RS Insert a 1k ohm brown black red resistor at R8 Insert a 22 ohm red red black resistor at R10 Insert a 22 ohm red red b
14. Following the precautions for handling MOS integrated circuits install the four Decoder PROMS as follows Insert the PROM marked A12 9100148 in socket A12 0 5 3 3 Insert the PROM marked A22 9100147 in socket A22 OGG L Insert the PROM marked A26 9100149 in socket A26 0 ISIE Insert the PROM marked A29 9100150 in socket A29 0 444 SDK 86 MONITOR ROMS FF000 FFFFF B u mi ra uj u o e e ul u Remove the skin wrap from the four 2316 2616 or 2716 Monitor ROMs The Monitor ROMs are in matched sets The ROMs marked 9100167 and 9100168 the KEYPAD ROMs are a set and the ROMs marked 104531 001 and 104532 001 the SERIAL ROMs are a set Following the precau tions for handling MOS integrated circuits install the four ROMs as follows O Insert ROM 9100167 KEYPAD A in socket A27 2 o 0w 2 O Insert ROM 9100168 KEYPAD B in socket O Insert ROM 104531 001 SERIAL A in socket A36 o as 3 Insert ROM 10453 001 SERIAL B in socket A37 0 4 37 Change 1 SDK 86 PARALLEL I O Remove the skin wrap from the two 8255A Parallel I O integrated circuits Following the precautions for handling MOS integrated circuits install an 8255A in o LE ec o a Q each of the following two locations O 0 A35 A40 2142 RAMS Final Assembly and Checkout d e L lt 60000 gt oozrrF L 00800 gt 00FFF Remove the sk
15. IT Introductlonl es ea rir Ue OR EN CO C EON EL 2 1 Assembly Procedures 2 1 Assembly of the Wait State Generator Area 2 2 Assembly of the OSC Oscillator Area 2 3 Assembly of the Bus Expansion Buffers Area 2 4 Assembly of the Serial Interface Area 2 5 Assembly of the CPU Area 2 7 Assembly of the Decode Area 2 8 Assembly of the PROM Area 2 9 Assembly of the I O Ports Area 2 10 Assembly of the RAM Area 2 11 Assembly of the Keypad Display Area 2 12 Assembly of Parts in Unmarked Areas 2 14 CHAPTER 3 FINAL ASSEMBLY AND CHECKOUT Introduction og kth hes SEHEN beats eae 3 1 Inserting Parts scs 1 EG ger eR RR waar EK ene 3 1 Clock Generator 245452 ere enu Oe ex edes 3 1 Bus Expansion Buffers 3 2 Serial Interface 432 aser exo x X XE dn 3 3 8086 CPU coa nds HEIC AGO RI REA GROS CRAS SUE 3 3 Decoder PROMS 251 eduRA neue ee 3 4 Monitor ROMS lt 6 2533 he Rt Arai n 3 4 Parallel I O ico salaires ss REA ERES date 3 5 DIAZ RAMS 1555 bees eA dE ROS SAN nek Co 3 5 Keyboard Display isa Eee Y CO V x OP EAS 3 6 Board Configuration 3 7 Applying POWER isc wis ct e aaa Eus taeda aie 3 8 Checkout Procedufe vae Qu eae rA n 3 9 Display Elements Checkout 3 9 Hexadecimal Keypad Circuit
16. L bus wire 2 4 inches long 86 026 Check the pocket that the bag was removed from for the following item NUES O 1 red display filter 3001944 Next open the bag containing the resistors capacitors diodes and single in line resistor packs and check to be sure that the following parts and quantities have been included Refer to the resistor color code to determine the values of the resistors and to the capacitor value code to determine the values of the capacitors RESISTORS 1 4 WATT 5 LL O 4 22 ohms red red black 56 003 Eb 2 47 ohms yellow violet black 56 006 o 3 110 ohms brown brown brown 56 009 O 1 220 ohms red red brown 56 011 O 4 1k ohms brown black red 56 024 SDK 86 ET 2 2 7k ohms red violet red 56 033 C 1 4 7k ohms yellow violet red 56 038 Q l 5 1k ohms green brown red 56 039 E172 560k ohms green blue yellow 56 209 RESISTORS 1 WATT 5 O 1 330 ohms orange orange brown 56 327 O 1 430 ohms marked 4309 56 106 RESISTOR COLOR CODE Resistors commonly are identified by means of a code using color bands Each color represents a number The first three bands follow the color code below Black 0 Green 5 Brown 1 Blue 6 Red 2 Violet 7 Orange 3 Gray 8 Yellow 4 White 9 The fourth band indicates the percentage of tolerance for the resistor value and for all resistors in the kit will be gold 5 tolerance First signif
17. S EXPANSION BUFFERS W40 2 W41 P meer K a Insert an 8286 or 8304 integrated circuit in socket J Insert a 748373 integrated circuit in socket A10 A6 LJ Insert an 8286 or 8304 integrated circuit in socket L Insert an 8286 or 8304 integrated circuit in socket All A7 Insert a 74S373 integrated circuit in socket A13 B Insert the 74LS244 integrated circuit in socket AB O Insert a 74S373 integrated circuit in socket A14 3 2 AS Change 1 SDK 86 Final Assembly and Checkout SERIAL INTERFACE Remove the skin wrap from the 8251A USART Following the precautions for handling MOS in tegrated circuits insert the 8251A in socket A24 8086 CPU CRT LL rry 3 L MpS J L MDS CRT TTY SERIAL INTERFACE 74LS10 15C D RP2 N X 9 O 2 D w D a i EH E ON E gt gt L R7 R8 N 74LS393 auo 8982889 8 S EEF S TUS m us CR3 L R10 T e NN CR2 EAN R12 TH R13 R24 L L R14 iw 27 R15 amp 74LS14 co R16 5 7 R17 ge gt R18 Y 03 0 74LS04 Q2T2905 N e Ne cL R19 P O CT R20 s 74LS74 C ca3 aos O Remove the skin wrap from the 8086 CPU Following the precautions for handling MOS in tegrated circuits insert the 8086 in socket A17 3 3 Final Assembly and Checkout DECODER PROMS Remove the skin wrap from the four 3625 Decoder PROMs Each PROM is marked with its correspond ing socket location
18. SEMBLY AND CHECKOUT 3 1 INTRODUCTION Now that you have completed soldering your kit it s time to insert the rest of the parts into their sockets to get your kit ready to test and finally to check your success 3 2 INSERTING PARTS Before you slice the skin wrap from the rest of the parts remember to observe the handling precautions for MOS integrated circuits Large integrated circuits are fragile Dropping twisting or applying uneven pressure can break or permanently damage an in 8284 CLOCK GENERATOR 9 tegrated circuit When inserting an integrated circuit into its socket first make sure that the pins line up with the holes in the socket and then push the in tegrated circuit down into the socket with firm even pressure Once the pins start to go down into the socket check to be sure that no pins have been bent and then push the circuit the rest of the way down If you find that you must remove an integrated cir cuit from its socket insert the blade of a small screwdriver between the integrated circuit and socket at one end and gently pry the circuit up a little Insert the blade from the other end and again pry gently Continue to pry from each end until the circuit is free CL Remove the skin wrap from the 8284 Clock Generator Following the precautions for handl ing MOS integrated circuits insert the 8284 in socket A9 3 1 Final Assembly and Checkout SDK 86 BUS EXPANSION BUFFERS BU
19. acks and solder the packs in place Insert a Q2T2905 transistor pack at Q2 Insert a Q2T2905 transistor pack at Q3 Solder the two transistor packs in place Eo pL oie ie In order to insert the eight 14 pin integrated circuit sockets into the board three of the pins must first be clipped off Using your diagonal wire cutters and referring to the following pic ture clip pins 4 5 and 12 as close to the socket as possible PINT eS PIN 1 D D PIN 14 Insert a 14 pin integrated circuit socket at each of the following locations DSI DS2 DS3 DS4 DS5 DS6 DS7 DS8 3 E3 Ee WT Eh LJ Solder the eight sockets in place and if necessary clip their leads Assembling Your Kit O Insert a 22 pF electrolytic capacitor at C39 Be sure to insert the positive lead of the capacitor in to the pad marked with the sign Solder the capacitor in place and clip its leads Insert a 0 1 uF ceramic capacitor at the following four locations O C36 O C37 O C38 O C40 L Solder the four capacitors in place and clip their leads You now are ready to install the twenty four pushbutton switches that make up the keypad After slicing the skin wrap around the switch set it is sug gested that you check the operation of each switch before soldering To check a switch take a resistance reading across the two pins with your volt ohm milliammeter When the switch is not being pressed the reading should be inf
20. ccuracy readability organization and completeness of this document 1 Please specify by page any errors you found in this manual 2 Does the document cover the information you expected or required Please make suggestions for improvement 3 Is this the right type of document for your needs Is it at the right level What other types of documents are needed 4 Did you have any difficulty understanding descriptions or wording Where 5 Please rate this document on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the best rating NAME l DATE TITLE COMPANY NAME DEPARTMENT ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP CODE Please check here if you require a written reply O WE D LIKE YOUR COMMENTS This document is one of a series describing Intel products Your comments on the back of this form will help us produce better manuals Each reply will be carefully reviewed by the responsible person All comments and suggestions become the property of Intel Corporation First Class Permit No 1040 Santa Clara CA BUSINESS REPLY MAIL No Postage Stamp Necessary if Mailed in U S A Postage will be paid by Intel Corporation 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara CA 95051 Attention Technical Publications m INTEL CORPORATION 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara California 95051 408 987 8080 Printed in U S A
21. citor at C33 O Solder the two capacitors in place and clip their leads Insert a 0 1 pF ceramic capacitor at the following seven locations O C17 C28 C C19 C29 O C22 O C32 O C25 O Solder the seven capacitors in place and clip their leads O Insert a 2 by 8 pin header at W19 W26 and solder it in place O Insert the 2 by 18 pin header at W1 W18 and solder it in place O Insert the 8 pin single in line 22k ohm resistor pack at RP2 Check the orientation of pin 1 solder the pack in place and if necessary clip its leads O Insert the 25 pin connector at J7 and solder it in place SDK 86 Assembling Your Kit ASSEMBLY OF THE CPU AREA aci subo Jat es BE mu on 5 I H ve Jh em ime ki m lle E 4 BABE TEE L Insert a 110 ohm brown brown brown resistor ni E EEE at R23 solder it in place and clip its leads PA E LE TEE CI DA 10010 Insert a 40 pin integrated circuit socket at A17 Solder the socket in place l O Solder the resistor pack in place Insert a 2 2k ohm dual in line resistor pack at RP4 and make sure that pin 1 of the pack is Inserta 0 1 pF ceramic capacitor at C21 solder it aligned with pad 1 on the board in place and clip its leads 2 7 Assembling Your Kit SDK 86 ASSEMBLY OF THE DECODE AREA i jw Ei em J af an HEEE His E at Lj Fi LJ L TEREA O Insert the 748133 integrated circuit at A19 O Check the orie
22. don t rush and be sure to recheck each part you install before solder ing it in place Removing and replacing just one in tegrated circuit because it was installed in the wrong spot or because it was installed backwards can take more time than double checking all of the parts on the board Also don t attempt to complete the assembly of your kit in just one sitting Spread out your time and take breaks As with any project becoming overtired can increase the chances of a mistake and can show a marked decrease in crafts manship Your goal is to build a working computer not to win a race CHAPTER 1 GETTING STARTED 1 2 GETTING ORGANIZED Before you get started it s a good idea to plan and organize your work space Be sure you have ample room to accommodate this manual lying open and the circuit board tools and your soldering pencil If you don t have the traditional plastic compart mented parts boxes a muffin pan an egg carton or some small boxes or jars can be used for parts sort ing It also might prove helpful to write the part values on small cards as you identify each part and place the card with the part for quick identification Be organized and arrange everything within easy reach and you ll do the job quickly and minimize your chances for an error 1 3 THE TOOLS YOU WILL NEED You will need the following tools and materials to assemble your kit O Needle nose pliers CL Small Phillips screwdriver
23. e fillet will range from being slightly concave to be ing slightly convex and a small amount of solder usually will be drawn down through the hole and will be visible on the lead on the other side of the circuit board SDK 86 GOOD SOLDER JOINT The bad soldering joints shown are typical of cold solder joints and usually are caused by not heating both the pad and lead uniformly or by allowing the solder to melt directly on the tip before the lead and pad have been heated properly BAD SOLDER JOINTS Generally a cold solder joint is dull gray in color and the bond at either the lead or pad will recede slightly Caution again must be emphasized in the selection of solder pencil wattage and tip size Excessive or pro longed heat can damage a part internally When soldering if the fillet between the pad and lead tends to flatten out and if an excessive amount of solder forms on the other side of the circuit board where the lead enters the hole excessive heat may be indicated EXCESSIVE HEAT SDK 86 1 6 BASIC ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUES Now that you have reviewed the basic soldering techniques thoroughly familiarize yourself with the following sections on basic assembly techniques before you start to assemble your kit 1 7 CIRCUIT BOARD LAYOUT Pick up the circuit board and notice that one side has been silkscreened with component reference designa tions and position outlines major circuit areas and o
24. e manufacturer will be noted by a dot the number 1 or all pins will be numbered Pad 1 on the circuit board is noted by a square pad The dual in line resistor pack follows the same pin 1 designa tions as the integrated circuits Note that some dual in line resistor packs are not notched In this case pin 1 will be labeled clearly TRANSISTOR PACKS Transistor packs are installed the same way as in tegrated circuits 1 9 LEAD BENDING The leads of resistors diodes electrolytic capacitors and the crystal will have to be bent in order to insert the part into the circuit board The correct way to bend a lead is to grip the lead with your needle nose pliers and using the pliers only to hold the lead like a vise bend the free end of the lead with your other hand SDK 86 Never bend a lead with the pliers as the stress can fracture the part Try to bend the leads so that when the part is inserted into the board it is centered bet ween the two pads Also when bending the leads of parts with values printed on them bend the leads so that the value is visible when installed 1 10 INSERTING PARTS Before you insert any part in the circuit board be sure that you have picked up the right part When in serting the part be sure that you put it in the right location and if it is polarized that you insert it in the proper direction The top of the circuit board has been labeled with the part position its reference
25. ended as the possibility of board damage lifted pads or traces is extremely high When an integrated circuit must be removed it is 1 12 SDK 86 recommended that the circuit be clipped out and the pins then be removed individually To remove an in tegrated circuit follow the steps outlined below 1 Using your diagonal wire cutters and working from the top of the board carefully clip each lead of the integrated circuit near where the pin enters the case 2 While still working from the top of the board carefully remove each individual lead using your soldering pencil and needle nose pliers 3 With your soldering pencil and solder fill each hole with additional solder This will make it easier to remove all of the solder from the hole 4 Remove the solder from each hole using a desoldering device or solder wick If solder still remains in the hole add more solder and repeat this step 5 Install the correct replacement integrated circuit and make sure that pin 1 is oriented correctly 6 Turn the board over and checking first to be sure that all of the pins are visible solder the cir cuit in place CHAPTER 2 ASSEMBLING YOUR KIT 2 1 INTRODUCTION Now that you have familiarized yourself with the in formation in Chapter 1 you are ready to assemble your kit The step by step assembly instructions in this chapter are arranged so that you install all of the parts in one of the outlined sections or a
26. icant digit Second significant digit X Number of following zeroes Gold 5 silver 10 SDK 86 CAPACITORS 44 0 1 uF ceramic code 104 64 050 pu 3 2 1 UF ceramic code 105 64 058 Ru O 2 22uyF electrolytic code 227 64 012 O 1 10 pF dipped mica code 100 64 052 CAPACITOR VALUE CODE The capacitors supplied in your kit depending on their manufacturer will be marked either with their value or with a value code The code used to indicate the value of a capacitor consists of three numbers which are interpreted something like the resistor color code The first two numbers are the first and second significant digits and the third number is the number of zeroes that follow with the value given in picofarads For example the 1 mi rofarad 1 0 uF capacitors in your kit if coded would be marked with the digits 105 Applying the code the value would be 10 with five zeroes or 1000000 picofarads Moving the decimal point six places to the left to convert from picofarads to microfarads the value would be 1 000000 microfarads or simply 1 0 microfarad Getting Started DIODES A O 3 IN914 or T1914 60 003 CRYSTAL O 1 14 7456 MHz 62 032 SINGLE IN LINE RESISTOR PACKS O 1 2 2k ohms 8 pin 56 288 El 3f 2 2k ohms 10 pin 56 103 O 1 22k ohms 8 pin 56 323 Now that the contents of both bags of small parts have been
27. in wrap from the four 2142 RAM in tegrated circuits Following the precautions for handling MOS integrated circuits install a 2142 in each of the following four locations O 000 A38 A41 A43 A45 3 5 Final Assembly and Checkout KEYBOARD DISPLAY 3 6 Remove the skin wrap from the 8279 Keyboard Display Controller Following the precautions for handling MOS integrated circuits install the 8279 in socket A31 KEYPAD DISPLAY bs o e 7445 80 ULN2003A o co B e08 74LS156 039 e A34 LS e o m A eo e e e e NM ae a DS8 DS1 DS2 DS3 DS4 DS6 DS7 S4 S5 S1 S2 S3 c D SYSTM S6 either side of the 8 is toward the keypad O DSI O DS5 O DS2 DS6 O DS3 DS7 O DS4 O DS8 SDK 86 Remove the skin wrap from the eight Display elements and insert one element in each of the follow ing locations make sure that the decimal point on Notice that the Display elements do not go all the way down into the sockets they insert only about 1 8 of an inch SDK 86 3 3 BOARD CONFIGURATION Now that all of the electrical parts have been in stalled a few of the shorting plugs must be inserted over certain header pins Five of the sixteen shorting plugs will be required for basic operation retain the remaining shorting plugs for later possible use At 2 by 3 pin header W36 W38 to the left of the wait state generator O Insert a shorting p
28. inite and when being press ed the reading should be around zero ohms When installing the switches it is recommended that you insert and solder a column of switches at a time Be sure that the switches are in their proper positions that they are right side up and that they are down completely on the board before soldering Insert and solder switches as follows SYSTEM C O RESET O INTR O jip E Eje o 8 IW CS D O REG E IB SP o n EB AX D Eh ei EE DF 9 A B O ow bDs O Iss O les 5 6 7 O oB BP O visi EwiDI 1 2 3 O ER BX O Gorcx O er DX Assembling Your Kit ASSEMBLY OF PARTS IN UNMARKED AREAS O Insert a 22 uF electrolytic capacitor at C53 Be sure to insert the positive lead of the capacitor in to the pad marked with the sign Solder the capacitor in place and clip its leads Insert a 0 1 pF ceramic capacitor at Cl solder it in place and clip its leads SDK 86 Kur AMI A z fit 3 Ini DU LL una wet ccs S 1 3 abo Jae a Box dom bem Iam B I BIRD DI SRE LL OO y CL Y m is rad L amt ml H PIC P28 n aa yy L L i This completes all the soldering steps required for normal application of the kit The four remaining 2 by 25 pin headers should be retained for user designed CPU bus and parallel I O port expansion Proceed with the final assembly and checkout pro vided in Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3 FINAL AS
29. istor pack in place and if necessary clip the leads SDK 86 Assembling Your Kit ASSEMBLY OF THE OSC OSCILLATOR AREA W40 W41 Insert an 18 pin integrated circuit socket at A9 Notice that while a socket can be inserted in either direction some sockets are marked with a pin 1 reference When marked usually with a notch or sliced corner socket pin 1 should be aligned with the square pad Check to ensure that all the socket pins come through the board and solder the socket in place Insert the crystal at Y 1 Bend the leads so that the crystal is directly over its silkscreened outline Solder the crystal in place and clip the leads With your needle nose pliers and the bus wire from the kit form a U shaped strap to hold the crystal in place DE s CE m et d xm S ate i E bun d T Li C en ane jt me Jae he a ee bem PRIE EE HEEE EPI v DO CEE Insert the strap over the crystal solder it in place and clip the leads Insert the 10 pF dipped mica capacitor at C7 solder it in place and clip its leads Insert a 0 1 uF ceramic capacitor at C11 solder it in place and clip its leads Insert the 3 pin header at W40 41 and solder it in place 2 3 Assembling Your Kit SDK 86 ASSEMBLY OF THE BUS EXPANSION BUFFERS AREA BUS EXPANSION BUFFERS o o Insert a 20 pin integrated circuit socket at the follow ing seven locations A6 Ma A
30. lack resistor at R11 Insert the 220 ohm red red brown resistor at R13 Insert the 5 1k ohm green brown red resistor at R14 Insert a 1k ohm brown black red resistor at RIS Insert a 47 ohm yellow violet black resistor at R16 Insert a 2 7k ohm red violet red resistor at R17 Insert the other 2 7k ohm red violet red resistor at R18 Solder the ten resistors in place and clip their leads Insert a 22 ohm red red black resistor at R19 Insert a 560k ohm green blue yellow resistor at R20 Insert a 110 ohm brown brown brown resistor at R22 Insert a 1k ohm brown black red resistor at R24 Solder the four resistors in place and clip their leads Insert the 74LS10 integrated circuit at A15 Insert the 74LS393 integrated circuit at A18 Insert the 74LS14 integrated circuit at A21 Insert the 74LS74 integrated circuit at A28 Insert the 74LS04 integrated circuit at A25 SDK 86 L Check the orientation of the five integrated circuits and solder each one in place O Insert the 28 pin integrated circuit socket at A24 Solder the socket in place Insert a Q2T2905 transistor pack at Q1 check proper orientation and solder the pack in place O Insert one of the two 1 uF ceramic capacitors at C18 NOTE Depending on the lead spacing it may be necessary to bend one lead of each ceramic capacitor so that the leads line up with the pads on the board O Insert the other 1 pF ceramic capa
31. lements and push the filter down onto the adhesive strips Final Assembly and Checkout HEXADECIMAL KEYPAD CHECKOUT The following keying sequence checks to be sure that each of the sixteen hexadecimal keys function SYSTM j res fms ENE kit f TD TTE e 0 I 111 m Coie CE m Cala CL D Gea TD m s 12314 o 3 4 8 8 s HISIBIT ves e Blee g a lafaa L EERE REE E lela re FF ERRE 3 9 n Final Assembly and Checkout FUNCTION KEY CHECKOUT The following keying sequence checks a number of the function keys SYSTM RESET as ml e ua un eum ee Press E Press He HHHE Press 4 E p in Press E fe 4 9 El Press SYSTM Press peset HER E TTT E LE 0 COTE CL E HTC CETT Press o The left four display elements wil light up with four hex adecimal characters This concludes the checkout procedures Refer to the SDK 86 User s Manual for overall operation of your MCS 86 System Design Kit in 9 SDK 86 MCS 86 System Design Kit Assembly Manual l 9800697B REQUEST FOR READER S COMMENTS The Microcomputer Division Technical Publications Department attempts to provide documents that meet the needs of all Intel product users This form lets you participate directly in the documentation process Please restrict your comments to the usability a
32. lug at W36 O Insert a shorting plug at W37 Inserta shorting plug at W38 Final Assembly and Checkout At 2 by 8 pin header W27 W34 in the wait state area OD Inserta shorting plug at W27 At 3 pin header W40 W41 in the oscillator area O Insert a shorting plug at W40 es gt lt e z W39 nn 2 74LS164 5 3 7 Final Assembly and Checkout 3 4 APPLYING POWER The SDK 86 you have just assembled needs only an external dc source of 5 volts at 3 5 amperes for basic operation and checkout using the keypad and display A dc source of 12 volts will be needed if the serial I O interface is to be used The black red and white binding posts provide a convenient method of connecting the power supplies to the board Install the three binding posts as follows 12V 5V GND WHITE RED BLACK O O HOLES IN BINDING POSTS SHOULD ALIGN 90 TO BACK EDGE OF BOARD O Remove the bottom nut from all three binding posts Using needle nose pliers tighten the top nut if necessary Loosen unscrew the post cap on all three binding posts to expose the lead hole O Insert the white binding post through the 12V pad P6 Install and tighten the bottom nut after making sure that the lead hole is oriented as shown L Insert the red binding post through the 5V pad P4 Install and tighten the bottom nut after making sure that the lead hole is oriented as show
33. ly into your face 1 14 REMOVING PARTS Although the assembly instructions have been prepared carefully the possibility of human error always exists If you should happen to install a part incorrectly it must be removed Depending on the part itself it either can be removed and reused or it should be cut out and replaced Getting Started Small two lead parts usually can be removed suc cessfully from the board with little danger of dam age provided that the proper tools are used and care is taken To remove a small part find its leads on the bottom of the board With your soldering pencil in one hand and the desoldering device in the other heat one of the joints When the solder melts quickly move the pencil out of the way and remove the solder from the joint with the desoldering device If done successfully the hole in the pad will be visible If solder still remains in the hole first add additional solder to the joint before repeating the operation After the solder has been removed from both joints grasp each lead with your needle nose pliers from the bottom of the board and wiggle the lead back and forth in order to break it loose from the hole When both leads are free remove the part If a lead will not break free from its hole resolder the lead and repeat the solder extraction operation While it is possible to remove an integrated circuit from the board without damaging the part this prac tice is not recomm
34. n Insert the black binding post through the GND pad P3 Install and tighten the bottom nut after making sure that the lead hole is oriented as shown 3 8 BINDING POSTS SDK 86 After you install the binding posts and before you connect the power supply you should take a few resistance measurements to be sure that there are no shorts between the two supply inputs or between either supply input and ground With your volt ohm milliammeter measure the resistance between the following binding posts TYPICAL RESISTANCE VALUES 100 to 300 ohms 2000 2k to 3000 3k ohms 2000 2k to 3000 3k ohms 5V P4 and GND P3 12V P6 and GND P3 5V P4 and 12V P6 If a short is present the resistance reading will be near zero ohms If this should hap pen do not connect the power sup ply Carefully check both the top and bot tom of the board for solder bridges pieces of wire or any conductive material that could cause a short If or when the resistance readings are OK connect the power supply s positive 5 volt output to the 5V binding post P4 and connect the supply s negative common output to the GND binding post P3 Before you turn on the supply place the red display filter temporarily on top of the display elements Turn on the power supply If there are no major problems you should see the following sign on message on the display Bi f The number in the data field 1 1
35. ntation of pin 1 of both integrated circuits and solder the two integrated circuits in place Insert a 0 1 uF ceramic capacitor at the following six locations O Cl4 O C20 O C23 O C26 C30 Insert an 18 pin integrated circuit socket at the O C34 following four locations O A12 l O Solder the six capacitors in place and clip their O A22 leads L A26 L Insert the 2 2k ohm 10 pin single in line resistor O A29 pack at RPS Make sure that pin 1 of the pack is aligned with pad 1 on the board Solder the four sockets in place LC Solder the resistor pack in place and if O Insert the 74830 integrated circuit at A16 necessary clip its leads SDK 86 Assembling Your Kit ASSEMBLY OF THE PROM AREA EL He 1 Be end Insert a 24 pin integrated circuit socket at the follow Insert a 0 1 pF ceramic capacitor at the following ing four locations four locations A27 O C31 O A30 E C35 A36 O C41 O A37 O C42 Solder the four sockets in place L Solder the four capacitors in place and clip their leads 2 9 Assembling Your Kit ASSEMBLY OF THE I O PORTS AREA SDK 86 i i i E tr 21 E E vm rms e PR 028r n m aan T pu T PUR T Insert a 40 pin integrated circuit socket at the follow ing two locations O A35 O A40 CL Solder the two sockets in place Insert a 0 1 uF ceramic capacitor at the following two locations L C43 O C50
36. op of the board Once tacked in place the board can be turned over and the leads can be soldered When soldering from the bottom be sure to solder the untacked lead first Notice that even though the rubber feet raise the board above the work surface the leads of many of the small parts that can be tack soldered still may be too long When this is the case the leads can be clipped to about 3 4 of an inch before the part is inserted Getting Started When soldering any of the multi pin parts first solder the pins at two diagonally opposite corners and then check to be sure that the part is all the way down on the board If the part has slipped and is not down completely remelt both solder joints while lightly pressing down on the component Solder the remaining pins and then resolder the first two pins 1 13 CLIPPING LEADS After soldering the leads of most of the small parts must be clipped using diagonal wire cutters Care should be taken to avoid clipping the solder fillet which could possibly fracture the solder joint When properly soldered and clipped a lead should extend from 1 16 to 1 8 of an inch above the board The following examples picture correct and improper lead clipping CORRECT IMPROPER Integrated circuit pins should not be clipped the shock from clipping can cause an internal fracture I To avoid eye injury when clipping leads hold the lead end so it can t f
37. pping that covers the individual parts in the other areas of the package check to be sure that the following parts are included INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 40 Pin Integrated Circuit Shown LI 8086 CPU 103965 001 O 1 8284 Clock Generator 52 198 O 4 2142 RAM 52 193 O 2 8255A Parallel I O 52 116 C 1 8251A USART 52 188 CO 4 3625 Decoder PROM A12 9100148 A22 9100147 A26 9100149 A29 9100150 Change 2 Getting Started O 4 2316 2616 or 2716 Monitor ROM 9100167 KEYPAD A 9100168 KEYPAD B 104531 001 SERIAL A 104532 001 SERIAL B 0O 1 8279 Keyboard Display Controller 52 115 DISPLAY ELEMENTS O 8 7 segment display elements 60 035 SWITCHES 0O 1 Set 24 each pushbutton switches 66 053 Now that you have checked and counted all of the parts carefully slice the skin wrapping around the perimeter of the template and remove the circuit board from between the black foam backing and the bottom cardboard Be very careful not to cut the circuit board while slicing around the template Getting Started 1 5 BASIC SOLDERING TECHNIQUES It can not be overstressed that the proper soldering pencil and solder are essential to good soldering The soldering pencil not soldering iron or soldering gun must be rated at no more than 30 watts the tip must be small 1 16 inch or less and small diameter 0 05 inch 60 40 solder must be used In addition to the
38. reas before moving on to the next area For each area to be assembled there are two pictures The shaded portion of the small picture shows the board location of the area to be assembled and the large picture shows the actual parts that you are to install within the area a FI HUE p nm a ip eem ma EBERT r ni u 812 ruse cw Hum If me Kim af onm Jet Ili Bir bir O o bar D BAT DU AM n s E c x As you begin the assembly procedures you will notice a small box to the left of each instruction or step AS YOU COMPLETE EACH STEP PUT A CHECKMARK IN THE BOX Remember that your goal is to build a working computer not to see how fast you can install the parts Take your time work carefully and don t let yourself become over tired tearen meeen a maen PIC 0 8 2 2 ASSEMBLY PROCEDURES Plugin your soldering pencil and while you re waiting for it to heat up install the 12 rubber feet Insert a nut into the recessed hole in the bottom of each of the 12 rubber pads The eraser on the end of a pencil can be used to push the nut down into the rubber pad O Place the board on your work surface top side up and with the keyboard display area in the lower right hand corner Looking at the drawing of the board the locations for the rubber feet are marked with black dots At each of the 12 loca tions slide a nylon washer onto a screw and then
39. t that contains the small integrated circuits in tegrated circuit sockets connector resistor packs and the two bags of small parts Open the bag containing the hardware binding posts headers and miscellaneous parts Check to be sure that the following items and correct quantities have been included After each part is identified and counted put a checkmark in the box to the left of the part description When unpacking and sorting parts if a part is miss ing contact the Intel Customer Support Department 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara California 95051 408 987 8818 Note that the five digit or in some cases the seven digit number in parentheses is the Intel part number for the part and that this number should be refer enced in all communications with the Customer Sup port Department HARDWARE C 12 rubber pads C 82 069 i O 12 nylon sleeves 7 16 inch long 82 072 ET 12 screws 3 4 inch long 84 086 O 24 nylon washers 84 059 O 12 nuts 84 069 CY Getting Started BINDING POSTS O 1 binding post white 82 012 O 1 binding post black 82 013 O l binding post red 82 014 HEADERS O 1 2 pin 68 254 O 1 3 pin 68 251 O 1 2 by 3 pin 68 308 1 2 2 by 8 pin 68 098 C 1 2 by 18 pin 68 302 O 4 2 by25 pin 68 236 MISCELLANEOUS PARTS O 4 adhesive strips 3 inches long 3001483 Getting Started nd O 16 shorting plugs 68 211 E
40. ther information This side of the board will be referred to as the top and the unlabeled side will be referred to as the bottom Parts are inserted in the board from the top over their outlines the board is turned over and the parts are soldered from the bottom 1 8 PART ORIENTATION A number of the parts in your kit are polarized That is they must be installed in a certain direction Polarized parts include the following e ntegrated Circuits e Diodes e Electrolytic Capacitors e Resistor Packs e Transistor Packs INTEGRATED CIRCUITS When installing an integrated circuit into its designated circuit board location always align pin 1 of the integrated circuit with pad 1 of the circuit board location Looking at one of the silkscreened integrated circuit outlines on the top of the board notice that one of the two outlines is notched and that a white dot appears near one of the pads Looking at the pad next to the dot notice that it is square shaped and that the other pads have rounded corners This is pad 1 0000000 9 0 96 96 Ow NOTCH p SQUARE WHITE DOT PAD Getting Started Now look at one of the small integrated circuits One end of the circuit has a notch Depending on the manufacturer of the integrated circuit the notch will look like one of the following Le B Re Additionally some manufacturers mark pin 1 with a small dot
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