organ documentation manual - GUPEA
Contents
1. h Thickness Thin paper strip marked with half millimeters T A Languid angle Nicks Number of nicks Side beards Ruler in half millimeters or vernier callipers de on the alloy stiffness etc Pos Position Distance from the lower edge of the be ard to the middle of the languid seam Hook Position Measured from the top edge of cap en L g 55 5 9 2 REED PIPES DEPTH 00 11001 7 7 1 5 28 00 1 3 00 5 E 5 x 5 gt m 24 2 2 i e 2 A 2 8 a 4 6B 100 Fe 8 100 i 8100 52 4 BRASS TH 4 COVER PLATE TH Fig 53 a n 1 4 Y 7 2 x 9 l 4 2 x 14 12 1 p 3 3 5 6 E ud 4 W 2 00 7 2 I0 7 e 4 4 W 1 00 W1 10 Fig 54 56 Subtitle Explanation and Method Wooden re Wooden resonators en om W OD B Outer width at the bottom measured from the given dis Toe hole I Toe hole measurement I the first of two or more Dist 1 14 The distances appear in Fig 37 Vernier callipers Dist 12 Diameter of the shaft in the block Dist 13 Inner diameter of the tube at the bottom of the block Inner diameter of the tube inside along th2. 26 5 3 2 MOLDINGS Measurements Drawings showing the moldings positions Profile drawings containing measurements Fig 19 It is important to take into consideration the profile change due to the painting of the moldings Methods Manual measuring using profiler vernier calliper steel ruler 4725 229 55 arde Ba 1 2 54 94 58 5 55 155 5 Fig 19 27 5 3 3 CARVINGS AND PIPE SHADES Measurements Drawings with basic measurements Fig 20 Photo documentation Tracing Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule and vernier calliper Taking photographs using conventional or digital camera 11 0 J 47 15 Pr ffs iur H 1 5 86 Hs JS 5 ase Sor 28 5 3 4 DOORS AND PANELS WITH IRONWORK Measurements Drawings with measurements of doors and panels Fig 21 Drawings with measurements of the ironwork Fig 22 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper T 28 31 855 5 135 142 4 855 5 29 6 8 96 do 2 37 31 40 1010 1020 47 50 a Fig 22 30 5 4 Keyboard area 5 4 1 MANUAL KEYBOARD Measurements Drawings with basic measurements of the keyboard frame and key cheeks Tracing of profiles Balance pins positions and sizes Drawing and
3. Er d wo T 7 Li eon SD Fig 44 46 5 8 2 PALLET BOX Measurements Drawings with measurements of bottom board pouches pallets face board pallet springs spring rack Fig 43 44 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper 5 8 3 CHANNEL FRAME CHANNELS AND DIVIDERS Measurements Table with measurements of channel widths Fig 45 Methods Manual measuring using steel ruler and vernier calliper 98 93 MERI 10 3 ENT ca m oy Ij w m pal Jef D MI I e Mes CH tH CH n e I d m p d p i Oo 5 7 ug Oo EE y HERO p s pr 47 5 8 4 SLIDER BEDS SLIDERS AND SPACERS Measurements Drawings and tables with measurements of slider beds sliders and spacers Fig 46 47 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper Measuring of borings using vernier calliper connected to the data aquisition system 48 343 MIS 5 5 t 2 A Fig 46 5 8 5 TOEBOARDS Measurements Drawings and tables with measurements of toeboards Fig 46 47
4. ORGAN DOCUMENTATION MANUAL GOArt and RA 2005 ORGAN DOCUMENTATION MANUAL Niclas Fredriksson Alf slund Carl Johan Bergsten Copyright G teborgs universitet G teborg Organ Art Center GOArt and Riksantikvarie mbetet RAA 2005 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the copyright holders Version 3 0 TEBORG NIVERSITET GA 2 s ORGS U ART 89 Riksantikvarie mbetes TABLE OF CONTENTS FION 6 2 THE ROLEOFDOCHMENTATION re ae nee een 7 2 MEASUREMENT AGCURACY mda 9 A EQ UIP MENT she nee nee 15 4 1 EQ UTPMENIE EIS Beh 15 4 2 SPECIAL EQUIPMENT HANDLING BR 16 4 2 1 PIPE WALL THICKNESS MEASUREMENT WITH ULTRASONIC DEWICH cR 16 4 2 2 PIPE WALL THICKNESS MEASUREMENT WITH THICKNESS 62 106 E X P n 17 4 2 3 MEASURING THE LANGUID ANGLE AND LANGUID 19 4 2 4 MEASURING THE WINDWAY WIDTH ctm 19 5 ORGAN DOCUMENTATION AND 20 SJ DOCUMENTATION STRUCTURE ko nhe tes 20 20 SUL DESCRIPTION De tus toe Uto 21
5. N 77 75 70 Fig 33 39 5 6 Stop action 5 6 1 STOP KNOBS AND STOP RODS Measurements Drawings and tables with measurements of stop knobs and stop rods Fig 34 35 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper 40 33 7 A 30 2 20 2 40 5 12 7 06 46 4 2 Length Dist knob Dist Souter valley inner end to cut knob end bulb bulb out to backfall hole esto 10060 fero 226 327 8280 840 sn 1407 251 21 lero 6940 446 396 480 SIO aoo 402 229 346 les ex Fig 35 5 6 2 ROLLERS ROLLER ARMS AND ROLLER BEAMS BACKFALLS Measurements Drawings with measurements of rollers roller arms Fig 36 roller beams and backfalls Fig 37 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper 2 33 40 1 90 00 dq 102 Il 87 90 100 H 48 5 50 87 6 104 4 118 2400 Nr 6 112 Nr 4 126 74 63 T 73 Nr 6 113 Nr 4 5 50 52 80 70 Fig 36 156 53 15 19 5 J 3 Str Fig 37 41 5 7 Wind system 5 7 1 BELLOWS Measurements Drawings and tables with measurements of upper and lower board Fig 38 ledges folds Fig 39 40 inlet valve outlet valve bellows frame pumping levers
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7. 27 28 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper is d 2 LEY 352 US TPT IT TOOT 34 751 ap 22 Ss Fig 28 35 5 5 Key action 5 5 1 TRACKERS AND SQUARES Measurements Drawing with measurements of the trackers and squares Fig 29 30 The individual trackers lengths are not measured but the lengths are defined by the positions of the rollerboard the keyboard and the windchest Methods Manual measuring using folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper Fig 29 LI 37 40 19 Um 38 42 g OD 7 36 LI Fut Pg AE SLE Pu 1 2722 L 1 LEE LEE e AA ES 24 GEF ZZ 92 i gr T 705 70 95 8 70 87 84 827 le Fig 30 37 5 5 2 ROLLERBOARD Measurements Drawings with basic measurements of rollerboard Fig 31 rollers with roller arms needle bearings and studs Fig 33 Rollerboard table Fig 32 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper Roller 7 rollers il as f e missing roller Gz c e and and ds have double rollers Fig 31 and Fig 32 38 67 67 94
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9. ActiveCell Value 0 Else Selection Cut Do If Columns C N Hidden True Then N N 1 Else Exit Do End If Loop ActiveCell offset R M 1 C N 1 Range A1 Select ActiveSheet Paste 77 For I 1 To 30 Beep NextI N N 1 End If End If Loop M M 1 0 For I 1 200 Beep Next I Loop End Sub Newposh Makro Makrot inspelat 1997 01 24 av Carl Johan Bergsten 4 Sub Newposh Dim result As Integer Dim res As Double Dim answer As String Dim Rnew As Integer Dim Cnew As Integer Rnew ActiveCell Row Cnew ActiveCell Column result Application Run RunTask Caliper 1 1 If result 1003 Then Else For 1 30 Beep Next I ActiveCell Replace What 01A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 01A Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder xlByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 02A Replacement LookAt x1Part _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 02A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ 78 SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 03A Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 03A Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchO
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11. Drawings tracings with measurements of toeboard screws Fig 48 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper Measuring of borings using vernier calliper connected to the data aquisition system H Widths 5 Side Channels Pallet I Pallet Toeboard Toeboard Slider Slider T B bed 142 Missing Missing 81 65 72 85 199 794 7 2 69 72 75 87 eoj 738 749 188 2281 101 Saf 74 69 74 255 eoj Fe 72 74 75 74 75 266 101 97 73 Sej 97 78 174 277 98 74 75 Pallet Measurement at top Pallet Measurement at bottom Fig 47 49 5 8 6 RACKS Measurements Drawings with measurements of pipe racks Fig 46 Table with measurements of pipe rack borings Fig 49 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper Measuring of borings using vernier calliper connected to the data aquisition system Slider no 9 1 E Rank I T Rank Rank Il 56 ara 148 1333 22a wea 154 sa Dal 135 251 28 teal 164 Hej nos 1121 99 5 9 93 14 50 5 8 7 AND WINDCHEST LAYOUTS SCHEMATIC OF THE WINDCHEST A C and E J in Fig 50 gives distance from one end of the channel frame I b
12. If possible measurement of the wind pressure Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper Wind pressure measuring device e g U bend 20 35 1115 20 35 sen 89 15 SSE 89 15 806 S ZL S OL 2 1115 4 3 5 24 35 Fig 38 42 Measurement ellows no Upper Lower Upper Lower fold fold fold__fold Fig 40 Upper Lower fold__fold 178 145 4 5 178 147 4 5 54 5 5 1 B B 2 4 a E 54 2 4 4 E tH m 7 B 2 4 A 43 5 7 2 WIND TRUNKS INCL VALVES AND TREMULANTS Measurements Drawings with outside measurements and thicknesses of wind trunks Fig 41 Drawings of valves and tre mulants Fig 42 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper 95 ov Ld Ld Nr er 97 va 4 Fig 42 44 5 8 Windchest 5 8 1 GENERAL Measurements Drawings with basic measurements of the windchest Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper 6 7 7 45 E EAU JE Dew ES ec mM Due 11110 d us VIER 7 7 d d M ALL DENN
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14. intentionally left out to increase the trustworthiness of the documentation results An additional main reason for abstaining from certain measurement procedures is that damages to the pipes particularly with regards to voicing under no circumstances should be risked In the measuring of the pipe material thicknesses with ultrasonic equipment the distance between the measurement positions were in no case shorter than approximately one foot or one pipe foot length which means that pipes of one foot length or less have been measured at only one position of the body namely at the upper lip also known as the bottom of the pipe body Pipes of 8 length or longer have been measured as shown in figure 51 The results of the ultrasonic measurements are given separately in one table common to all of the stops Figure 51 shows that the position indications for taking the measurements of the pipes comes from the idea that the observer identifies him or herself with the pipe 5 1 4 DRAWINGS basic principle of the documentation has been that all the measurements from which the drawings were made are given in the respective drawings 22 The only drawing on which the measurements are not given is first the drawing of the facade one half with details and the other half showing only the fundamental structure These drawings can be seen as the sum total of the respective documentation and have been created from the other fundamental information
15. 0 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 0 40 30 40 50 8 Fig 11 and Fig 2 4 2 4 MEASURING THE WINDWAY WIDTH A special device is used for measuring windway widths and wall thicknesses of lower lips see Fig 12 prin ted black lines of different widths printed on a plastic foil compare with the description of the device for measuring the languid angles They are wedge shaped The printed lines run parallel to the blunt end of the wedge The wedge is gently put on top of the upper edge of the lower lip and the measurements of either the windway width or the wall thickness of the lower is taken by comparing these with the printed li nes Also here the values obtained should be regarded as approximations 20 5 ORGAN DOCUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS 5 1 Documentation structure 5 1 1 GENERAL Each documentation comprises the following main items description Tables Drawings and sketches Photographs A fundamental principle of the documentation work is that all of the elements are presented from the standpoint of their current placement and function in the organ at the time of the documentation this principle also applies to stop names Elements that are obviously later additions are treated lastly in each of the main items In each main item the information is sorted and ordered to as high a degree as possible according to the same basic scheme that the reader approaches the organ from t
16. Av Circumference average bottom middle top the average value of the outer circumference measured on the lower part of the pipe body just above the upper lip in the middle and at the top Strip of drawing film usually 0 03 mm thick but in certain cases 0 07 mm thick Av 3 Average of three measurements of outer diameter ta ken at the same position just above the upper lip the given values in the three adjacent columns Vernier callipers 3 Same as average of three but at end of the pipe The longest length of the pipe body measured from the middle of the languid s soldering seam to the end Conical or funnel shaped parts have been measu red along the surface and are therefore not plumb see Cap L Length EM Calc circ Circumference calculated from the va BESSER lue in the next nearest column Av 3 Average of three measurements of outer diameter ta ken at the same position just above the upper lip the given values in the three adjacent columns Vernier callipers Foot L Length measured along the foot the refore not plumb see sketch Ruler or measuring tape Visual L Length measurement parallel to the body s center axle from the top side of the toe board or the off set block to the middle of the languid seam The values in following columns are obtained from this given distance from the middle of the languid sea
17. Full scale contoured tracings are sometimes made of all of the carvings for practical reasons however the tracings have not been published in the original format but have been proportionally reduced and then inserted into the drawings All of the measurements are given in millimeters Measurement indicators in the form of adjacent bracket like lines with corresponding measurements are as a rule placed at the end of the object where the measurements were taken Measurements placed in square brackets are calculated from the given measurements in the adjacent measurement indicators In cases where measurements are not possible to take the dimensions of the ob ject are estimated and drawn free hand without measurements being indicated Interval measurements appear deliberately This is a safety precaution measuring can be detected by means of the adjacent measurement indicators and at the same time it gives information about irregu larities in the constructions Discrepancies regarding the total sums between the adjacent measurement indicators and the total measurements are in some cases obvious such discrepancies derive primarily from distortions and irregularities in the constructions and to a lesser extent from the measuring method and aspects of measurement interpretation of the sketches are executed according to scale but in free hand in order to give a suggestion that not all of the discrepancies damages etc are rendered with
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19. any method that can harm the objects is prohibited preserving the objects takes precedence before data collection A great importance is also attached to the reliability of the measurement values that are obtained This means for example that the aim always should be to identify and minimize the sources of error and the amounts of deviation error in the methodology The origins of these errors should also be identified whether they are due to the manufacturing process the recording and reading of data or the handling of data or some other origin The intrinsic values of the artifacts and reliability of the collected data is of greater importance than the amount of collected data Measurements are almost always given in millimeters usually with two decimals This however may give a false impression of the degree of precision of the manufacturing process This is true for example for beams in balconies and case structures and also for wall thicknesses when measuring pipes that are coarsely scraped or scraped only on one side of the sheet The reason for giving the measurements in mil limeters even when from the standpoint of tolerance mm are less appropriate or even incorrect is that a monotonous reformatting of measured values in the computer constitutes a source of error and also that consistently using only one routine for reading data from millimeter graded tools could reduce the risk for misreading When analyzing and using
20. framework several methodological problems arise The manual should be seen as a first attempt to systematize and describe these preconditions and methodological pro blems The intention is to gradually extend and deepen the content of this manual Considering the pro blems that arise generally already when dealing with an organ s quantifiable elements the distance to the final goal can seem endless Describing the qualitative aspects that arise out of the complex interplay bet ween these quantifiable elements is naturally even more complicated Nevertheless the aim of this manual is to be a tool to help reach the virtually utopian goal of gathe ring and conveying information and knowledge about organs to the extent and quality that they can be reconstructed from the documentation alone In future updates of this manual the aim is to deal with more qualitative aspects of organs as well as more fundamental questions about ethics in documentation and restoration of organs A fundamental prerequisite for the documentation work is that tools as well as methods are non destruc tive They must under no circumstance endanger the artifacts that is to say that material may neither be removed nor deformed This also applies to surfaces such as solder size and pipe varnish glue joints in wooden constructions and layers of paint If destructive documentation methods are to be applied an exhaustive attention to matters of ethics is required In principle
21. or less before the lowering piece was applied Ruler in half millimeters or vernier callipers de pending on the alloy stiffness etc Cut up measured at the middle of the lips the distance between the lower lip upper edge and the languid seam measured between the original metal and the metal piece first soldered in for the lowering of the cut up Cut up measured at the middle of the lips the dis tance between the lower lip upper edge and the languid seam measured between the metal piece first soldered in for the lowering of the cut up and a second addi tional soldered in piece also for cut up lowering The present cut up measured between the second solde red in piece s lower edge and the lower lip s upper edge Width See UL Ruler in half millimeters or vernier callipers de pending on the alloy stiffness etc H Height See UL Ruler in half millimeters or vernier callipers de on the alloy stiffness etc Th 100 Thickness of lower lip expressed in hundredths of milli meters Paper strips with marks placed above the lip edge and its thickness is estimated various inaccuracies are due to for example rounded beveled outer and inner edges Dist Block Distance that the languid extends above the top of the cap BEEN L Ww W 100 Windway width expressed in 100 1 larger than actual measu red in the middle n Measured in the same way as the lower lip thickness
22. pin point accuracy The main purpose of the sket ches is to give an idea of the original intention behind the handiwork for each individual element The drawings having a 1 1 scale usually present traced objects therefore usually no or only a few refe rence measurements are given The scales used in the original drawings and sketches are indicated in the overview of the respective ca tegory of drawings The original drawings and sketches are made on large paper sheets A3 size The grain direction is schematically indicated in the drawings Fig 14 5 1 5 PHOTO DOCUMENTATION Thorough photographic documentation of all of the details are presented in order to reveal information about the surface treatment scraping mark direction solder seam character etc 23 5 2 Balcony 5 2 1 MOLDINGS Measurements Drawings with basic measurements showing the moldings positions Profile drawings containing measurements Fig 19 It is important to take into consideration the profile change due to the painting of the moldings Methods Manual measuring using profiler vernier calliper steel ruler 5 2 2 PANELS Measurements Drawings with measurements of doors and panels Fig 21 Drawings with measurements of the ironwork Fig 22 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule and vernier calliper _ 5 f fo 4570 gt 3590 gt 350 THRE 1 7620 1520 5 16
23. table rows This is the Excel macro for direct transfer of measurement values into table rows from a calliper Calipreadh Makro Makrot inspelat 1997 01 14 av Carl Johan Bergsten 4 Kortkommando Ctrl Skift H Private R As Integer Private C As Integer Private M As Integer Private N As Integer Sub Calipreadh Dim result As Integer Dim res As Double Dim answer As String Dim I As Integer M 0 N 0 R ActiveCell Row C ActiveCell Column Do Do Range Cells R M C Cells R C N Select result Application Run RunTask Caliper 1 1 If result 1003 Then ActiveCell Offset R M 1 C N 1 Range A1 Select answer Application InputBox prompt Enter q quit program or s select cell default s Left 120 Top 95 Type 2 If answer s Or answer S Then Set myCell Application InputBox prompt Select cell Left 120 Top 95 Type 8 myCell Select Newposh Else If answer Or answer Then Exit Sub End If End If Else ActiveCell Replace What 01A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What z 01A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ 68 SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 02A Replacement z _ SearchOrder xlByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 02A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ Sear
24. table with measurements of keys and key covers Fig 23 25 Octave widths for C H c h 1 h1 c2 h2 Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper gt 4 Ye 4 4 gt Fig 23 i pr eu measurement Meas Meas Meas Total Overhang Meas Meas I w incl __ _ 44 _ 184 1675 154 sel 28 45 y D 1245 228 ss 227 44 L 4 izaj 64 255 48 __ 651 183 sal 20 48 _ e onea 1 ee 9L 31 Fig 25 32 5 4 2 PEDAL KEYBOARD Measurements Drawings with basic measurements of the pedals Fig 26 pedal keyboard frame Fig 26 the pedal key board guide and the pedal frame back rail Tracing of pedals and the frame side Methods Manual measuring using measuring tape folding rule steel ruler and vernier calliper gt 90 7 189 509 4 621 x 1225 LL 45 621 e P 24 5 j i 24 5 124 N 48 7 Eas Luno lss 25 32 558 566 546 569 28 5 79 63 19 5 Fig 26 33 5 4 3 KEYBOARD PANELS Measurements Drawings with basic measurements of the keyboard panels Fig
25. 0 8 9 8 o 8 IR 19 A 4 E AR 4 la te 8 8 21 B S 19 MR I Te Y IE 9 1 x ik 4050 Fig 16 24 5 2 3 FLOOR Measurements Drawings with basic measurements Fig 15 16 showing the organ position Fig 17 Mesurements of his torical traces Methods Manual measuring using telescope stick measuring tape folding rule and vernier calliper 040 2 Ros 15 28 Los p Me NE y A 2 3 2765 Tec ten 72 4 1245 1 12 3 1 Fig 17 25 5 3 Case 5 3 1 CASE STRUCTURE Measurements Drawings containing measurements height width depth of frames and beams constituting the case struc ture Fig 18 Methods Manual measuring using telescope stick measuring tape folding rule and vernier calliper 3178 Nam a a AY 8 2 m e m T in 4 4 3 o gt m 5 ml m 8 m m 4 ol m m gt 5 4 el m 1 4 5 i m e 5 5 2 x e 4 x m m x MA o D 3 0 ul m 2 2 3 E 4 gt N 8 8 e 4 1 N 8 T aT I
26. 2 THE ROLE OF DOCUMENTATION The documentation of an organ has several important purposes To serve as an empirical basis for future comparative studies of organ construction pipe making and voi cing techniques To enable organ builders and scholars to study and even to reconstruct the organ concerned directly from the documentation To assist in the formation of a thorough preservation and maintenance program for each instrument in order to help protecting the instrument against future arbitrary and sometimes less careful disassembly measuring and study To help to safeguard the artifact in case of future damage To enable the role of documentation described above it is obvious that the documentation has to be more exhaustive more detailed and accurate than earlier documentation practice limitations of the method This manual presents a systematic description of a method for documenting organs The aim of the docu mentations created using this method is twofold to safeguard essential information about the organs and to be able to convey that information over time and distance It illustrates how quantifiable single parts of organs can be measured and described in a systematic way The method mainly generates information about the outer framework within which the particular parts of an organ work together The quantifiable properties constitute the obvious basic preconditions for this interaction Already in documenting this outer
27. 21 EIADRAWINGSS Sea Esa e 21 5 1 5 PHOTO DOCUMENTATION ee 22 0 23 0 23 NAZ PANELS ee ee 23 223 EL OO ascents 24 kara es 25 n E E E E E a 25 0 26 5 3 3 CARVINGS AND PIPE SHADES m a eoe ones 27 5 3 4 DOORS AND PANELS WITH 28 BOARD ABER ee d qiie 30 FAT MANU AE SEXBOJSRD eel 30 odo PEDAL ACE YBORNE D siu ad preti No 32 3 43 KEYBOARD PANELS nee ea 33 S J EX COIN 35 SO AND SOLARES 35 9 3 2 ROLEERBOARD an a 37 36 SIOPACHON es ited o ta ee 39 5 6 1 STOP KNOBS AND STOPRODS user 39 5 6 2 ROLLERS ROLLER ARMS AND ROLLER BEAMS 40 ao eR E EE 41 41 5 7 2 WIND TRUNKS INCL VALVES AND TREMULANTS 43 44 IO GENERAL ASSESSORS SSS 44 46 5 8 3 CHANNEL FRAME CHANNELS AND DIVIDERS 46 5 8 4 SLIDER BEDS SLIDERS AND SPACERS see 47 ea ER iu 48 49 5 8 7 FACADE WINDCHEST LAYOUT SCHEMATIC OF THE steder ben org 50 ME 51 SIME UIE PUES E Nee ee 51 5 92 REBDSPIPES 55 6 DATA AQUISITION SY STEM taedet SSR AS 57 6 J GENERA p 57 6 2 EQUIP MEN 57 6 3 MERSUREMENISELUP evt
28. Figure 10 this is a result of the concavity of the cylinders inside The effect of the curvature can be compared to measuring with a micro meter see Fig 10 the inner leg doesnt lie close to the pipe wall resulting in either an erroneous value or deformation of the wall The intention is to perform tests and analyses of this phenomenon and to account for it in a future update of this manual It can already be stated though that the the ultrasonic wall thick ness measuring device see p 17 is calibrated using the values obtained from measurements taken with the thickness gauge On several occasions when documenting organs distinct traces of previous documentations have been detectable The assumption that these traces are results of previous documentations is derived from the fact that these traces are found most often in c pipes and in some cases in f f and pipes The traces consists of circular imprints with a diameter of 3 5 mm at the orifices of the pipe bodies Body T Body C or Body M In short all this shows the destructive effects of micrometers which therefore should not to be used in organ documentation activities This effect occurs when the radius of the concave surface is smaller than the radius of the end of the leg of the thickness gauge This has been confirmed in tests performed by Niclas Fredriksson and Mats Arvids son in the workshop of the latter In these tests four new metal sheets with different th
29. Selection Cut ActiveCell offset Rnew 1 Cnew 1 Range A1 Select ActiveSheet Paste answer Application InputBox prompt Enter b go back or continue default c Left 120 Top 95 Type 2 If answer Or answer Then Rnew 1 0 End If End If End If End Sub 75 Input from calliper into table rows with offset value This is the Excel macro for direct transfer of measurement values into table rows from a calliper An offset value in mm will be added to each measurement value Calipreadh Makro Makrot inspelat 1997 01 14 av Carl Johan Bergsten Kortkommando Ctrl Skift H V rdet offset kommer att l ggas till alla uppm tta v rden Offset vardet anges i nedanstaende rad Om nytt v rde nskas andra har och motsvarande st lle i Modul2 Const offset As Double 4 Private R As Integer Private C As Integer Private M As Integer Private N As Integer Sub Calipreadh Dim result As Integer Dim res As Double Dim answer As String Dim I As Integer 0 N 0 R ActiveCell Row C ActiveCell Column Do Do Range Cells R C Cells R C N Select result Application Run RunTask Caliper 1 1 If result 1003 Then ActiveCell offset R M 1 C 1 Range A1 Select answer Application InputBox prompt Enter q quit program or s select cell default s L
30. and 1 primarily give gap widths A facade division B channel division giving distances to each channel center C positions of pipe rack pillars D number of pipe rack pillars at each position E toeboard screws distances to each channel center F toeboards distances to the center of respective toeboard joints G catchers distances to each catcher center H faceboard with a section of the middle faceboard inserted I pallet box with channels and bars a center b total width c outer width J wind trunk entrances Mh Q eza gt 3 L3 Te zx 4 43 Gs eqs Sey did y 4t 06 DF he d B C D E F G la 492 75 0 wi 8 H 875 TSL J Tots pe Fig 50 51 5 9 Pipe work In the lists below the column headings and abbreviations used in the tables are explained These are given in the order in which they are to be found in the documentation tables for the organ The measuring tool used for each parameter is indicated in italics 5 9 1 Flue pipes TOP 1 MIDOLE TOP MIDDLE M BOTTOM MIDDLE _ BOTTOM 8 UL H CUT UP IT LL e a a x 1 RIGHT LEFT L y 3 i E 8 2 4 rir 4 EL n 3 Nos z x KS 5 4 gt Fig 51 metal pipe and Fig 52 wood pipe 52 Circ
31. another cell in the table press and answer the question Fill the table by column 1 Select the cell where you want to store the first measured value 2 Press Ctrl Shift V 3 Start to measure and send the values from the calliper by pressing the Data pushbutton or the connected pedal 4 If you want to change to next column send a 0 value from the calliper 5 If you want to quit the measuring or jump to another cell in the table press Q and answer the question Troubleshooting If you send a value from the calliper but nothing happens in the spreadsheet 1 Quit the measuring 2 Select Instruments under the Serial menu 3 Click on the Test button 4 Send a value from the calliper 5 Click on Read Serial Port Now a character string should appear in the Receive field If nothing happens repeat 4 and 5 6 Click on the OK button return to the spreadsheet and start the measuring If nothing happens or you get strange error messages quit and restart Excel When you use the pedal the light indicator on the interface will blink 61 6 5 Excel macros Input from DMS instrument This is the Excel macro for direct transfer of measurement values into an Excel table from a DMS instru ment 00151 Makro Makrot inspelat 1996 11 22 av Carl Johan Bergsten 4 4 Sub Dms1 Dim result As Integer Dim res As Double Dim answer As String Dim R As Integer Dim
32. beginning with the facade pipes and proceeding backwards Annotations and letters found in sketches and drawings are explained in the description Supplemen tary comments to the various constructions are given etc It is the primary aim of the documentation work to document the instrument s technical function which means that more in depth archival research has not been done In several instances certain information and documents are referred to since they are easy to access and have relevance to the documentation presented 5 1 3 TABLES Lengthy series of measurements have been stored in Excel documents making it possible to process and analyze the information of the measurements given in the tables are in millimeters except for the thicknesses of the material which are given in hundredths of millimeters When recording a specific value in connection with several usually three measurements of the same type being taken the average value is shown first in the tables followed by those values upon which the average was calculated Any instances where this is not the case are evident from the formatting of the co lumns in the tables Certain measurements are absent from the tables mainly because the pipe in question was damaged repaired or the like In certain cases uneven inner surface of the cast sheet or high lead content thick sheet it was either difficult or impossible to obtain unambiguous values consequently the values were
33. calculating the mean value the more repeated measurements the smaller random error Measuring the circumference is divided into two steps i Winding the strip and marking the circumfe rence and ii measuring the mark position on the strip using a ruler The first step contains a systematic error depending on the strip thickness see above and also maybe be cause the strip can slip down a little on one side when winding it around the pipe body This error gives an addition to the circumference Both steps also will give random errors In a pipe documentation situation it is most often not possible to repeat the circumference measurements and it is important to estimate the spread for a single measurement value Figure 7 shows the differens bet 13 ween a single value and mean value based on all 9 values per pipe for all 9 3 person measurement series Figure 7 indicates the expected spread to be within 0 5 mm to 0 7 mm The value variations are somewhat larger for larger pipes compared to smaller pipes A possible reason could be that the strip easier can slip down a little on one side when winding it around a larger pipe body A way to improve this would be to use wider strips Conclusions When making sheets based on the design drawing for pipe body production deviations can originate from measuring on the drawing marking or cutting the sheet In the test a deviation was measured for a couple of sheets with a maximum
34. calliper into table columns This is the Excel macro for direct transfer of measurement values into table columns from a calliper Calipreadv Makro Makrot inspelat 1997 01 20 av Carl Johan Bergsten 4 Kortkommando Ctrl Skift V Private R As Integer Private C As Integer Private M As Integer Private N As Integer Sub Calipreadv Dim result As Integer Dim res As Double Dim answer As String Dim I As Integer M 0 N 0 R ActiveCell Row C ActiveCell Column Do Do Range Cells R M C Cells R M C N Select result Application Run RunTask Caliper 1 1 If result 1003 Then ActiveCell Offset R M 1 C N 1 Range A1 Select answer Application InputBox prompt Enter q quit program or s select cell default s Left 120 Top 95 Type 2 If answer s Or answer S Then Set myCell Application InputBox prompt Select cell Left 120 Top 95 Type 8 myCell Select Newposv Else If answer Or answer Then Exit Sub End If End If Else ActiveCell Replace What 01A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What z 01A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ 64 SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 02A Replacement z _ SearchOrder xlByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 02A Replacement
35. chOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 03A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 03A Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder xlByRows MatchCase False ActiveCell Replace What Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase False res ActiveCell Value ActiveCell Value res Range A1 Select Selection NumberFormat 0 00 If ActiveCell Value lt 0 04 Then Exit Do If ActiveCell Value 911 Or ActiveCell Value 921 Or ActiveCell Value 931 Then ActiveCell Value 0 Else Selection Cut Do If Columns C N Hidden True Then N N 1 Else Exit Do End If Loop ActiveCell Offset R M 1 C N 1 Range A1 Select ActiveSheet Paste For I 1 30 Beep Next I N N 1 End If End If Loop 1 69 0 For I 1 To 100 Beep Next I Loop End Sub Newposh Makro Makrot inspelat 1997 01 24 av Carl Johan Bergsten 4 Sub Newposh Dim result As Integer Dim res As Double Dim answer As String Dim Rnew As Integer Dim Cnew As Integer Rnew ActiveCell Row Cnew ActiveCell Column result Application Run RunTask Caliper 1 1 If result 1003 Then Else For I 1 To 30 Beep Next I ActiveCell Replace What 01A
36. ding on the documentation method One possible source of error could stem from interpretation both when analyzing the documentation and in the manufacturing process Possibly in both these stages a tendency to round and interpret the figures generously is present this to ensure that the walls in the copies get sufficient static properties 19 4 2 3 MEASURING THE LANGUID ANGLE AND LANGUID THICKNESS The device for measuring the languid angle see Fig 11 is made of a 0 25 mm thick plastic foil that has to be rigid enough to be functional but soft enough that it doesn t cause any scratches or other damage Diffe rent pieces with angles ranging from 40 to 90 are needed The upper edge should rest flush with the upper side of the languid and then the documenter has to find the piece that matches the languid angle The device for measuring the languid thickness see Fig 11 is held parallel to the vertical middle line of the pipe and as close as possible at a 90 angle to the underside of the languid The measurements obtained when using these two devices must be seen as approximations of the actual dimensions Considering the fact that the undersides of the languids can be positioned below the upper edge of the lower lip which is especially true of covered pipes and the fact that counterfaces resulting from either the production or nickings can be present the values of the languid thicknesses should be seen as minimum values
37. e lower surface to Dist 8 Shallot 00 Depth OD Depth T OD End Th Av Distance from the shallot s lower edge to the lower surface Shallot on the body in other words the lower surface of Dist 9 Thickness of the tongue Vernier callipers Width at the bottom Thickness at the bottom Thickness at the top Th under wire Thickness measured under the tuning wire in other words at about the middle of the tongue Distance from the lower edge of the tongue to the lower edge of the shallot 57 6 DATA AQUISITION SYSTEM 6 1 General The data aquisition system is based on a laptop computer and Microsoft Excel software This makes it pos sible to type measurement values and observations into Excel tables direct on site at the organ It is also easy to add columns to the tables when necessary Several persons can work in parallel using their compu ters Mac or PC and it is easy to put all results together into one table afterwards The final work is reduced to a minimum because the tables can be printed out as they are or they can be inserted into a documen tation report It is also possible to make a mathematical analysis of the measured data using the built in functions in Excel An organ database has been developed within GOArt and the documentation data can easily be moved from Excel tables into database tables It is also possible to connect measuring equipments to the laptop comput
38. ea suring the time between two echoes it is possible to calculate the wall thickness For this calculation it is necessary to know the sound velocity in the metal Sound velocity can be found in the literature for many metals but in our case we are measuring in an alloy where the exact content relation between the metals lead tin and trace elements most often is not known at the time of documentation Therefore it is neces sary to determine the velocity by a calibration procedure Measurement setup Sound with the frequency 15 MHz is transmitted into the metal Since the sound cannot travel in air it has to be sent from the sound generating element into the metal through a so called couplant There are couplants consisting of high viscosity liquids or gels specially developed for this purpose It is also possible to use water as couplant we chose to use water in order not to risk affecting metal surface Just a small amount of pure water on the ultrasonic sensor tip is sufficient to transfer the sound from the sensor into the pipe wall The measurement is calibrated by determining the sound velocity in the metal For pure lead the sound velocity is ca 2200 m s and for pure tin the velocity is ca 3300 m s For lead tin alloy the sound velocity is somewhere between these two values First the wall thickness is measured at the top of the pipe using a mechanical measuring device From measuring the wall thickness at the same spot using the
39. ead Serial Port Now a character string should appear in the Receive field If nothing hap pens repeat 4 and 5 6 Click on the OK button return to the spreadsheet and start the measuring If nothing happens or you get strange error messages quit and restart Excel 60 Using the Connect to input no 1 on interface white box with a pushbutton on top Connect the in terface to the PC serial port Turn on the interface pushbutton on the side of the box Turn on the PC and start Excel Use the Mitutoyo or the Mitutspecial Excel document when you define the table Do not forget to rename the document You can choose if you want to fill in the table by row or by column The Mitutspecial document is a version where you can define an offset value This offset value will be added to all measured values This is useful when you use the calliper NTD12P 15C for inner diameter mea surements You set the offset value in the first statement in the macros in the sheets Modull and Modul2 see the instructions in these sheets Fill the table by row 1 Select the cell where you want to store the first measured value 2 Press Ctrl Shift H 3 Start to measure and send the values from the calliper by pressing the Data pushbutton or the connected pedal 4 If you want to change to next row send a 0 value from the calliper 5 If you want to quit the measuring or jump to
40. eft 120 Top 95 Type 2 If answer 5 Or answer 5 Then Set myCell Application InputBox prompt Select cell Left 120 Top 95 Type 8 myCell Select Newposh Else If answer q Or answer Q Then Exit Sub End If 76 End If Else ActiveCell Replace What 01A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder z xlByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What z 01A Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder xlByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 02A Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder xlByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 02A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 03A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 03A Replacement LookAt x1Part _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder z xlByRows MatchCase False ActiveCell Replace What Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase False res ActiveCell Value ActiveCell Value res offset Range A1 Select Selection NumberFormat 0 00 If ActiveCell Value lt 0 04 offset Then Exit Do If ActiveCell Value 911 offset Or ActiveCell Value 921 offset Or ActiveCell Value 931 off set Then
41. enda e 58 6O4 USER MANUALS 59 1 APPENDIX I VERSION UPDATES atsan 79 APPENDIX 2 ABBREVIATIONS IN ALPHABETIC 80 REFERENCES ls kenne 81 1 INTRODUCTION Background The documentation manual is in itself a documentation of results from the development of a documenta tion policy and methodology for historical organs at G teborg Organ Art Center The manual aims to describe how the organ documentation work of GOArt is performed specifically how the documentation reports are systematized and how they are to be interpreted what is measured how it is measured what equipment is used how the equipment is used and what the various abbreviations refer to The aim has been to attain a high level of verifiability making it possible not only to examine and eva luate the method itself but also to compare of the results obtained with results of other similar documen tations Purpose of the manual The documentation manual has several purposes Reference document for internal use Attachment to documentation reports be used in documentation education Living document This is not a final version of the documentation manual The manual is updated as the GOArt documenta tion methods and methodology will develop Each version of the manual is identified by its version num ber The updates and changes between the versions are described in Appendix 1 Version updates
42. er for direct input of measure ment data into Excel tables This was implemented using the software Measure a plug in software module for Excel which makes it possible to transfer data from the computer input channels to an Excel table together with software functions in Excel using macro functions and the software language Visual Basic The concept is used when measuring 1 Dimensions using a calliper 2 Pipe wall thickness using the ultrasonic equipment DMS 3 Organ wind pressure dynamic behaviour and bellows characteristics This solution makes it possible to transfer values from the measuring equipment to the documentation report without manual input which saves time and eliminates the risk of typing errors 6 2 Equipment The data aquisition system consists of the following parts Laptop computer Type Toshiba Satellite Pro 4600 Serial No 91368659G SS460 0 Software Excel Microsoft Measure National instruments Excel documents with macros to enable the import of measurement values to the document Interface Type Mitutoyo DMX 3 S N AB 040309 09 Remark For connection of a calliper to the PC Type Foot switch Mitutoyo Remark To trig the transfer of the measurement value from the calliper to the PC Type PC card DAQCard 1200 National Instruments No 182880H 01 Remarks For measuring analogue signals i e wind pressure 58 6 3 Measurement setup Interface Calliper PC DMS Fig 56 PC P
43. ffset value This is the Excel macro for direct transfer of measurement values into table columns from a calliper An offset value in mm will be added to each measurement value Calipreadv Makro Makrot inspelat 1997 01 20 av Carl Johan Bergsten 4 Kortkommando Ctrl Skift V V rdet offset kommer att l ggas till alla uppm tta v rden Offset vardet anges i nedanstaende rad Om nytt v rde nskas andra har och motsvarande st lle i Modull Const offset As Double 4 Private R As Integer Private C As Integer Private M As Integer Private N As Integer Sub Calipreadv Dim result As Integer Dim res As Double Dim answer As String Dim I As Integer M 0 N 0 R ActiveCell Row C ActiveCell Column Do Do Range Cells R M C Cells R M C N Select result Application Run RunTask Caliper al a1 If result 1003 Then ActiveCell offset R M 1 C 1 Range A1 Select answer Application InputBox prompt Enter q quit program or s select cell default s Left 120 Top 95 Type 2 If answer s Or answer S Then Set myCell Application InputBox prompt Select cell Left 120 Top 95 Type 8 myCell Select Newposv Else If answer q Or answer Q Then Exit Sub End If End If 72 Else ActiveCell Replace What 01A Replacement LookKAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell
44. h was measured using a 300 mm long steel ruler 1 Sheet width ii Design width ins HT 1 2 c3 Note Fig 3 The pipemaker has marked and cut the sheet according to the measured width on the drawing The graph shows a deviation for 950 60 and 10 pipes with a maximum of 5 mm 950 The deviations could origi nate from measuring on the drawing marking or cutting the sheet Sheet width body circumference Figure 4 shows for the 60 13 pipes the measured sheet width and the measured pipe body circumference The circumference value is the mean value of the 9 measurement series from the test It is obvious that the measured circumference is always slightly larger than the sheet width There are several reasons for this Bending the sheet to cylinder form will stretch the material at the outer surface and compress the material at the inner surface When bending the sheet to a cylinder there will be a small dis tance between the meeting edges This gap will be filled when soldering the pipe body The thickness of the measuring strip and also the protruding solder seam will give addition to the circumference In order to estimate the circumference deviation caused by bending the sheet and the measuring strip thickness consider the following calculations and Figure 5 11 Sheet width Circumference Fig 4 Fig 5 12 Cs sheet width Cm measured circumference d theore
45. he outside and then into each of the indivi dual sections of the organ Each individual documentation unless otherwise mentioned has had its corresponding measurements taken with the same measuring technique Joint techniques used in the instrument are presented in the description and or indicated in the dra wings e g dovetail plug mortice and tenon lap joint See Fig 13 21 5 1 2 DESCRIPTION An overview of the history of the instrument is given in a special chapter at the beginning of each documentation report In the following written description the organ is introduced with a description of its placement its specification inscriptions found during the documentation work when applicable and the balcony When describing the location and orientation reference to the four cardinal points are made Thereafter more exhaustive descriptions are given of the case moldings carvings doors panels etc The key desk is then described followed by descriptions of the key action and the stop action from the key board to the windchests The description continues in a similar fashion presenting again the organ from the outside and going inside but this time following pathway of the wind through the organ transmission into the organ via the bellows through the wind trunks Sperrventil s tremulant s windchest s and lastly the pipework The pipework is described in the order in which the pipes are placed on the windchest s
46. icknesses all with an alloy of 1 5 were used Their thicknesses were measured before they were rounded at a position indicated with a marker pen Then the sheets were rounded using nine different mandrels with diminishing diame ters ranging from 40 mm to 4 mm The wall thickness was measured after each change of the cylinders inner diameter 18 Fig 10 The resulting measurements see table below shows that the source of error when using this device on rounded metal sheets is essentially negligible from a practical point of view pipes with an inner diameter of less than five mm hardly ever or very rarely occurs The deviations in the test results are probably due to slightly different amount of force being applied when positioning the thickness gauge Cylinder Sheet thickness ID 3 0 63 0 34 _ 0 34 0 34 0 33 0 33 0 34 0 30 0 24 0 30 0 241 0 30 0 24 0 30 0 23 0 29 0 24 0 29 0 24 0 62 0 62 0 34 0 34 0 35 0 29 0 23 0 29 0 24 0 31 6 0 65 0 40 0 36 0 30 This test was caused by experiences in GOArt s organ research workshop in connection with the North German Organ Research Project and the Vilnius Rochester project Pipes made after documentations fol lowing the principles presented in this publication ended up having considerably thicker walls than the ori ginals According to the test results presented here the reason for these differences is not depen
47. m Ruler or measuring tape Toe 6 Av 3 Average of three measurements of inner foot hole diameter taken at the same position the gi ven values in the three adjacent columns Vernier callipers 53 Wall Th 100 mech Body TopL Body Top C Body TopR EU 21277 54 Pipe material thickness measured mechanical ly expressed in hundredths of millimeters Thickness gauge Width If the lips have been scribed the measure ment is taken at the center of the scribed lines If the lips are only pressed the actual width is measu red unless the intended width is clearly detected Ruler in half millimeters or vernier callipers de pending on the alloy stiffness etc Height taken from the lower edge of the upper lip i e not from the languid seam or the lower lip s upper edge If the lips have been scribed the measurement is taken at the center of the scribed lines If the lips are only pressed the actual height is measured unless the intended height is clearly detected Ruler in half millimeters or vernier callipers de pending on the alloy stiffness etc Cut up In cases where the upper lip has been changed and the cut up lowered the measurement specifies the distance between the soldering joint of the upper lip s alteration and the lower lip s upper edge Consequently this measurement must be used with caution since the edges of the lips may have been ti died up more
48. nderlying pipe design idea it is important to know that the sum of the possible deviations and errors generated from design document to produced pipe including the measurement errors when documenting the pipes is not of the same magnitude as signifi cant differences depending on the design Therefore a measurement test has been performed to map the deviations from design intention to pro duced pipes and also to estimate the accuracy one can expect when measuring the circumference of pipes Measurement setup Three persons experienced in documentation of pipe dimensions measured the body circumference for each of the pipes 60 13 in a newly produced Gedackt 8 stop Each person measured one circumference per pipe through the whole stop and repeated this three times resulting in three measurement series per per son They performed the measurements independent of each other When all pipe circumferences were marked on the strip the circumferences were measured using a 300 mm long steel ruler measuring the distance from the strip end to the different markings Fig 2 Fig 2 10 Results To map deviations from design intention to produced pipes the process can be divided into two steps i Design width sheet width and ii sheet width body circumference Design width sheet width Figure 3 shows for the 60 13 pipes the sheet width from the design drawing and the measured width of the cut sheet when making the body The widt
49. nner dimension L length L left Lang languid Long longest M middle Mech mechanical ly M th mouth OD outer dimension Orig original original material Part Partial a portion of the pipe body In the case of several parts they are calculated from the languid seam or from the bottom and up toward the top Pos position Pres present R right Rem remarks Sec secondary Short shortest T top T thickness appears on the sketches Tot total Th thickness vertical scraping direction Visual visual visible W width Ww windway at measuring point 9 diameter approximately estimated measurement difficult to derive from measuing tools slanted at the side the so called parallel axle affect etc the measurement is calculated from relative measurements arrows arrows indicate that there is a level difference in the depth measurements between the marked objects 81 REFERENCES Peter Sj mar Erik Hansen Hans Ponnert Ola Storsletten Byggnadsuppm tning Historik och praktik Stockholm Riksantikvarie mbetet 2000 Karin Andersson Agneta Hildebrand Byggnadsarkeologisk unders kning Det murade huset 2 a rev upplagan Stockholm Riksantikvarie mbetet 2002 82
50. of 5 mm The measured pipe body circumference is always slightly larger than the corresponding sheet width The deviation is partly dependent on the sheet thickness and it is less than 2 n th ts gw where th pipe wall thickness ts measuring strip thickness gw soldering gap width The measurement test indicates that the expected inaccuracy when measuring the circumference is about 0 7 to 0 5 mm The accuracy could probably be slightly improved by using a little wider measuring strip than the 3 mm wide strip used in the test Deviation mm Wall thickness mm 5 0 1 0 9 4 5 0 8 4 0 0 7 3 5 0 6 3 0 0 5 Deviation Wall thickness 0 4 2 5 0 3 2 0 0 2 1 5 0 1 1 0 0 Note Fig 6 14 Fig 7 15 4 EQUIPMENT 4 1 Equipment list Electronic Measuring Devices Ultrasonic thickness gauge Krautkramer Branson Model DMS Sound frequncy measuring device Optical Inspection Devices Inspection mirrors Heine mini Kontrollspiegel Medical ear inspector Heine mini Boroskop Boroscope 0 90 110 optics Electronic Equipment with Direct Computer Input Vernier callipers Mitutoyo 573 125 10 NTD12P 15C Thickness gauge Mitutoyo Absolute 543 681B Traditional Hand Tools Measuring tapes Stanley in millimeters having 3 and 50 meters length respectively Vernier 68111018 with tenths of millimeters Folding rule Hultafors Rulers of va
51. rder xlByRows MatchCase False ActiveCell Replace What z Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder xlByRows MatchCase False res ActiveCell Value ActiveCell Value res offset Range A1 Select Selection NumberFormat 0 00 If ActiveCell Value 911 offset Or ActiveCell Value 921 offset Or ActiveCell Value 931 off set Then Else Selection Cut ActiveCell offset Rnew 1 Cnew 1 Range A1 Select ActiveSheet Paste answer Application InputBox prompt Enter b go back or continue default c Left 120 Top 95 Type 2 If answer c Or answer C Then Rnew M 0 N 1 End If End If End If End Sub 79 APPENDIX 1 VERSION UPDATES VERSION 1 0 FIRST VERSION VERSION 2 0 CHAPTER 4 ENLARGED WITH MEASUREMENT DESCRIPTIONS DRAWINGS AND TABLES VERSION 3 0 NEW CHAPTER NO 3 ON MEASUREMENT ACCURACY ADDED THEREFORE RENUMBERING OF SUCCEDING CHAPTERS ADDITION IN CHAPTER 4 ABOUT SPECIAL EQUIPMENT HANDLING 4 2 3 4 2 80 APPENDIX 2 ABBREVIATIONS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER The following abbreviations are found in the drawings and tables Please note that some of the abbrevia tions refer to more than one term the meaning should be apparent from the context Ang angle Av average B body B bottom C center Calc calculated Circ circumference Dist distance H height h horizontal scraping direction ID i
52. ressure sensor Fig 57 59 6 4 User manual How to use the DMS Fig 58 and the Mitutoyo calliper together with a PC General info The DMS and Mitutoyo Excel documents have a built in function which makes it possible to connect the DMS thickness measuring equipment or a Mitutoyo calliper direct to the PC and to transfer the measured values direct into the Excel spreadsheet Using the DMS instrument Connect the DMS to the PC serial port using the DMS cable Turn on the computer and start Excel Use the DMS Excel document when you define the table Do not forget to rename the document 1 Select the cell where you want to store the first measured value 2 Press Ctrl Shift T 3 Answer the question about the number of levels you are going to use when you measure the pipe 4 Start to measure and send the values from the DMS by pressing the Send pushbutton on the DMS 5 If you want to quit the measuring or skip a value press Q and answer the question The computer will automatically calculate the mean value for each level and quit the measuring session when all levels on the pipe are measured Repeat 1 5 for each pipe Fig 58 Troubleshooting If you send a value from the DMS but nothing happens in the spreadsheet 1 Quit the measuring see 5 above 2 Select Instruments under the Serial menu 3 Click on the Test button 4 Send a value from the DMS 5 Click on R
53. rious lengths in millimeters and half millimeters Combination square Stanley Telescope stick Nedo Essfix 5 meter with rule in millimeters Special Hand Tools Profiler R G R Conformateur 150 mm measurement length 100 mm measurement depth having a scale thickness of 0 3 mm Languid angle duplicator specially made plastic film shaper with angles of 45 90 Paper strips for windway determination of 80 gram paper with printed black lines of various widths The line widths are 0 25 0 30 0 35 etc up to 0 95 and 1 00 mm Paper rulers specially made with half millimeter marks printed on 80 gram paper strips Foil strips made from transparent drawing film of 0 03 mm thickness and in some cases of 0 07 mm thickness U bend wind pressure measuring device Photographic Equipment Traditional camera with various lenses etc Digital camera Nikon Coolpix 4500 16 4 2 Special equipment handling 4 2 1 PIPE WALL THICKNESS MEASUREMENT USING ULTRASONIC DEVICE Measuring method The method is based on transferring a high frequency sound pulse into the pipe wall Every change of the sound conductivity in the material will give rise to a sound reflection Sound with this high frequency can not travel in air so the sound pulse will travel back and forth in the pipe wall a number of times Fig 8 The pulse will gradually lose its energy and disappear By listening to these reflected sound pulses and m
54. ten 4 4 Sub Newposv Dim result As Integer Dim res As Double Dim answer As String Dim Rnew As Integer Dim Cnew As Integer Rnew ActiveCell Row Cnew ActiveCell Column result Application Run RunTask Caliper 1 1 If result 1003 Then Else For I 1 To 30 Beep Next I ActiveCell Replace What 01A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder xlByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What z 01A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder xlByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 02A Replacement LookAt xl Part _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 02A Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True 74 ActiveCell Replace What 03A LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What 03A Replacement z LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase True ActiveCell Replace What Replacement LookAt xl Part _ SearchOrder x1ByRows MatchCase False ActiveCell Replace What z Replacement LookAt xlPart _ SearchOrder xlByRows MatchCase False res ActiveCell Value ActiveCell Value res offset Range A1 Select Selection NumberFormat 0 00 If ActiveCell Value 911 offset Or ActiveCell Value 921 offset Or ActiveCell Value 931 off set Then Else
55. the obtained values it is therefore of the utmost importance to keep this in mind and to relate them to other essential factors such as measuring method measured item precision of manufacturing process material technical characteristics technical status etc Thus all obtai ned values must be scrutinized and must not be taken too literally Experience shows that the margins of error in the measuring methods themselves are usually smaller than the ones for the manufacturing and those due to the human factor The latter might consist of errors in reading and typing data sorting pipes in an incorrect way etc From a measuring technical viewpoint some of the methods used produce data of a more approximate character while others give data that are more accurate than what might be interpre ted as relevant 3 MEASUREMENT ACCURACY Introduction When measuring for example the length of an object it is important to know how well the measurement value represents the reality or the truth Therefore it is necessary to make an estimation of the maximum difference between the measured length and the real length i e the measurement inaccuracy The inac curacy consists of a combination of errors caused by the measuring method by the measuring device and when reading the measurement value The requirement on the accuracy can also vary depending on the purpose of the measurement When documenting pipes in order to better understand the u
56. tic diameter th pipe wall thickness ts measuring strip thickness gw gap width Assuming that the gap width is small so that the cylinder cross section form can still be considered a circle and that the unaltered not expanded or compressed part of the sheet is located in the center d Cs n Cm d th 2 ts n gw Cs n th 2 ts n gw Cm Cs z th 2 z ts gw Cm Cs n th 2 n ts gw ts 0 06 mm Cm Cs z th 0 38 gw One part of the deviation between the measured circumference and the sheet width is proportional to the sheet thickness This tendency is also visible in the Figure 6 where the difference between circumference and sheet width together with the thickness are shown It is not possible to know how much of the material is compressed or expanded when bending the sheet but calculating the minimum deviation the material is only compressed and the maximum deviation the material is only expanded gives following result dev Cm Cs devmin dev devmax where devmin 2 n ts gw 0 38 gw devmax 2 n th 2 n ts gw 2 n th 0 38 gw Measurement accuracy The measurement errors can be divided into two categories Systematic and random errors A systematic error always gives a specific positive or negative contribution to the value A random error vary from mea surement to measurement and characteristic for a random error is that it can be reduced by repeating the measurement and
57. ultrasonic instrument the sound velocity can be calculated Knowing the velocity it is also possible to get an idea of the approximate content relation between lead and tin in the alloy i i Couplant Ultrasonic sensor tip Pipe wall in cross section Sound echoes Fig 8 The wall thickness is measured at several places on the pipe at the pipe foot bottom and top same level as the lower lip and at the pipe body bottom same level as the upper lip and top For longer pipes the thickness is also measured on the pipe body middle level and sometimes also at 1 4 and 3 4 of the body length On each level the thickness is measured in three or in five positions depending on the size of the pipe along the pipe circumference 17 4 2 2 WALL THICKNESS MEASUREMENT USING THICKNESS GAUGE Wall thicknesses are mecanically Wall Th mec measured with a thickness gauge Its curved leg is in serted into the pipe and its movable leg lies perpendicular to the surface of the outside of the pipe see Fig 9 The ends of the legs are rounded with a diameter of 2 9 0 1 mm on the moving leg and 2 8 20 1 mm on the curved leg Fig 9 When measuring wall thickness on flat surfaces the rounding of the legs does not influence the measure ment However when measuring curved surfaces like cylindrical or conical pipe bodies or more or less coned foot tips there is an introduction of error as can be understood from
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