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TCRAf-Eu and TCRA CHILD DATASET USER'S MANUAL

1. Respondents currently living with a caretaker are asked to indicate how many of the following are part of their caregiver s family how many of them they live with how many of them are older than the respondents themselves and how many of them are earning money respectively Only people 18 years or younger should be counted cg daugthers 1 4 Caregiver s daughters cg sons_1 4 Caregiver s sons cg_othgirls 1 4 Other boys the respondent s caregiver takes care of cg _othboys 1 4 Other girls the respondent s caregiver takes care of 9 Missing values 22 q44 Caretaker family members 18 years or younger not attending school The respondents are asked to indicate whether any of the children in their caretaker s family 18 years or younger are not attending school 1 Yes 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q45 Number of family members 18 years or younger not attending school The respondents are asked to indicate how many of the children in their family 18 years or younger are not attending school if any 1 99 Range 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q46 Respondent s main carer at different ages The respondents are asked to indicate who was their main carer during their first year of life as well as upon entering primary school junior high school and senior secondary school respectively q46_1 4 Main carer during first year of life start primary school start junior high school start senior s
2. STRA JeRa TCRAf Eu and TCRA CHILD DATASET USER S MANUAL Transnational Child Raising Arrangements between Africa and Europe TCRAf Eu Project Coordinator Prof Valentina Mazzucato Maastricht University Note E mail for correspondence victor cebotari maastrichtuniversity nl Scholars who wish to use this codebook and the dataset are kindly requested to use the following citation Mazzucato V amp Cebotari V 2013 Codebook Transnational Child Raising Arrangements between Africa and Europe dataset TCRAf Eu Version 24 04 2015 Maastricht University Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences http fasos research nl tcra tcraf eu Contents I Brief project descriptions seisciccseeseanertnce cage seaeei ve nceqatennenieavedecae dele E E E A E a Eaa 2 M Background 43 sinnarencessnanetaaidacundsd hcatiiedeianmee a aE Ea daveb aadbieaiemendens canis 2 III Couintries and partners in the SUVCY errira cs deeded seas vaee cate aden died Sa aE bene aA 3 IV Sampling and data COVErAGE scisctesdescoredae niani n N desma se edenaadense darter deveadeadenananed 3 V Dataventry and quality CONUIOl tc scccsccciisipeasaesersracgcagecadena isi adsenaessdeacdveeafatgeadaeaaadiadyanedeadaaarne an 4 VI Reliability iesise aaan aani dace aa aa aaa a A a r aala aaa 5 VI WIT What It 15 Variables cite cies sacs ivnhimcwtiivneinycatanstedun dean piapeeendaeatnaniiedincbeaus O 6 COVER SHOOT wis vind cated nn dices a e e a a ae sp btanive E a E a 6
3. easily lose confidence q122q Ilam kind to younger children qi22r Iam often accused of lying or cheating qi22s Other children or young people pick on me or bully me qi22t often volunteer to help others parents teachers children qi22u_ think before do things q122v take things that are not mine from home school or elsewhere qi22w get on better with adults than with people my own age qi22x Ihave many fears am scared qi22y finish the work I m doing My attention is good q123 Self assessment health The respondents are asked to rate their own health 1 5 Range 1 not good 5 very good 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q124 Satisfaction with life The respondents are asked to indicate how satisfied they are with their own life 1 5 Range 1 not satisfied 5 very satisfied 8 Don t know 9 Missing values qi25 Happiness The respondents are asked to indicate how happy they consider themselves 1 5 Range 1 not happy 5 very happy 8 Don t know 9 Missing values 46 Part 4 Relationships with Parents and Caregivers Indicators qi26 Mother s reaction to misbehavior The respondents are asked to indicate how their mother mostly reacts to misbehavior on the respondent s part Verbal say what is wrong with what respondent did Verbal scold Gets angry mad Deprives respondent of something important to him her Nothing respondent has no contact with mother Physical pinch slap spank Sends
4. 1 No schooling 2 Some primary school 3 Finished primary school 4 Some junior high school 5 Finished junior high school 6 Some senior high school 7 Finished senior high school 8 Some vocational school like teacher training or nursing 9 Finished vocational school 10 Some university 11 Finished university 12 Don t know 99 Missing values q31 Caregiver s marital status The respondents are asked to identify their caregiver s relationship status 1 Single 2 Married traditional church or civil marriage 3 Living together with a partner 4 Widowed 5 Don t know 9 Missing values q32 Coverage educational expenses The respondents are asked to identify who contributes most to their educational expenses O ON DM AUNE Mother only Mother s mother Mother s father Mother s sister Mother s brother Child s sister Stepmother Half sister Other female relative mother s side 10 Other male relative mother s side 11 12 Father only Father s mother 17 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 99 Father s father Father s sister Father s brother Child s brother Stepfather Half brother Other female relative father s side Other male relative father s side Both mother and father Pastor church elder imam Friend of respondent Teacher Other adult Other child youth Nobody Don t know Missing values q33 Coverage health expenses The responden
5. Part 1 General Situation Indicators scissura iina anea EA AAEN E iaaa tine 9 Part 2 Family Indicato Sas pions a E R OE a A A daatian 22 Part 3 Home School Work and Health Indicators ccceeeee cece ee eee eee ee eee eee ne eaten ene ea ta enaee ees 26 Part 4 Relationships with Parents and Caregivers Indicators cceeeeeee eee ee ee este ee ee ee eee eee eaeaee 47 VIII Annex 1 Country CodeS socieicsiisipenbaesnesedleuhicdaeadecad deudeiealbecieindiecavadausGndawsdauwyeusie ss dead 63 I Brief project description The data is part of the large scale study on the Effects of Transnational Child Raising Arrangements on Life Chances of Children Migrant Parents and Caregivers between Africa and Europe TCRAf Eu The study builds on the TCRA programme on Transnational Child Raising Arrangements between Ghana and The Netherlands and adds a cross country comparative dimension by including Angola and Nigeria as migrant origin countries and Portugal and Ireland as migrant destination countries The project seeks to understand three dimensions of transnational child raising arrangements e Life chances of actors that are in transnational families children who remain in the country of origin their migrant parents and their caregivers e The effects of migration laws the institution of fosterage in Africa and the schools on TCRA e The effects of different sending and receiving country contexts on the functionin
6. 22 Pastor church elder imam qi20_ 23 Respondent s friend qi20 24 Teacher qi20_25i Other adult specify relationship q120_26i Other child youth specify relationship qi20 27 Nobody qi20 28 Not applicable 99 Missing values q121 Biggest worry Open question where the respondent describes what she he worries about most qi22 Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire Self evaluation The respondents are asked to indicate in how far the statements listed below describe their situation over the six months preceding the conduct of the survey The following values are used throughout 1 Nottrue 2 Sometimes true 3 Very true q122a Itry to be nice to other people care about their feelings qi22b Ilam restless cannot stay still for long q122c get alot of headaches stomach aches or sickness qi22d__ usually share with others food games pens etc qi22e get very angry and often lose my temper qi22f Iam usually on my own generally play alone or keep to myself qi22g _ usually do as am told q122h worry a lot q122i Ilam helpful if someone is hurt upset or feeling ill q122j lam constantly fidgeting or squirming q122k Ihave one good friend or more 45 qi22Il fight a lot can make other people do what want q122m Iam often unhappy down hearted or tearful qi22n Other people my age generally like me qi220 Iam easily distracted find it difficult to concentrate qi22p Ilam nervous in new situations
7. Father s occupational status The respondents are asked to identify their father s professional status Working Not working Retired too old to work Disabled House husband Other specify Don t know ON DM BP UNBE Missing values q21 Father s marital status The respondents are asked to identify their father s relationship status 1 Single 2 Married traditional church or civil marriage 3 Living together with a partner 4 Widower 14 5 Don t know 9 Missing values q22 Father s educational level The respondents are asked to identify the highest level of education their father has reached No schooling Some primary school Finished primary school Some junior high school Finished junior high school Some senior high school Finished senior high school Some vocational school like teacher training or nursing O ON DM AUNE Finished vocational school ray O Some university pt e Finished university Don t know O e O N Missing values q23 Father s village or town of origin The respondents are asked to identify the village or town their father comes from Full name of the place region and country is recorded q9i Name of village town city q9ii Name of region province q9iii Name of country 888 Don t know 999 Missing q24 Past relationship status of parents The respondents are asked to indicate whether their parents have ever been together or m
8. Father s sister 15 Father s brother 16 Child s brother 17 Stepfather 18 Half brother 19 Other female relative father s side 20 Other male relative father s side 22 Pastor church elder imam 23 Child s friend 24 Teacher 25 Other adult 26 Other child youth 27 Nobody 99 Missing values q9 Residence during primary school The respondents are asked to identify their place of residence at the time of their primary school attendance Full name of the place region and country is recorded q9i Name of village town city q9ii Name of region province q9iii Name of country 888 Don t know 999 Missing q10 Whereabouts of respondent s mother The respondents are asked to identify their mother s current whereabouts 1 Living with the respondent 2 Living somewhere else in the same town as respondent 3 Living in another town in the same country as respondent 4 Living in another country 5 Don t know 6 Respondent s mother has passed away 9 Missing values q11 Mother s country of residence The respondents are asked to identify in which country their mother is currently living 1 Name of country t See Annex 1 for country codes 2 See Annex 1 for country codes 11 88 Don t know 99 Missing values qi2a Ghana Exact age of respondent s mother Age of respondent s mother in Years 10 90 Range 88 Don t know 99 Missing values qi2a Angola Nigeria Years the mother has been away The
9. O oOo A WN Once or twice 3 to 4 times 5 times or more Don t know Missing values q101 Availability of medication The respondents are asked to indicate whether the people in their house were able to provide them with the needed medication 1 Yes 2 No 3 There was no need for medication 4 Don t know 9 Missing values q102 Visits to the doctor The respondents are asked to indicate how often they have seen a doctor in the ongoing school year 1 Never 2 Once or twice 3 3to4times 4 5 times or more 8 Don t know 9 Missing values qi03 Payment for doctor and medication The respondents are asked to indicate who paid for their visits to the doctor or received medication 1 Mother 2 Father 3 Mother and Father 4 Caregiver 5 Family member on mother s side 6 Family member on father s side 7 Other specify 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q104 Insufficient nutrition The respondents are asked to indicate how often they have had problems getting enough to eat in the past year 1 Never 38 2 Hardly ever 3 Sometimes 4 Often 5 Always 9 Missing values q105 Cigarette smoking The respondents are asked to indicate whether they have ever tried cigarette smoking whereby even just one or two puffs should be counted 1 Yes 2 No 9 Missing values q106 Age upon first cigarette smoke Age of respondent when first trying cigarette smoking 00 90 Range 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q107 Frequen
10. country of origin in the past 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don t know 9 Missing values q177 Treatment by caregiver The respondents are asked to indicate whether they feel they are treated the same as the caregiver s children 1 Almost always Only sometimes Never Don t know O CO WN Missing values qi78 Differential treatment The respondents are asked to describe how they are treated differently by their caregiver in comparison to his her own children if applicable q179 Caregiver s reaction to misbehavior The respondents are asked to indicate how their caregiver mostly reacts to misbehavior on the respondent s part Verbal say what is wrong with what respondent did Verbal scold Gets angry mad Deprives respondent of something important to him her Physical pinch slap spank Sends respondent to perform work task Ignores respondent CON DU A UNE Other specify 88 Don t know 58 99 Missing values q180 Caregiver too demanding The respondents are asked to indicate how often they feel their caregiver makes too many demands on them Never Hardly ever Sometimes Often Always Don t know O won PWN Missing values q181 Relationship with caregiver The respondents are asked to characterize their relationship with their caregiver Always open warm Usually open warm Sometimes open warm Hardly ever open warm Never open warm Don t know O om A UNBE Missing va
11. farm work Do laundry ironing Collect water firewood Other specify Missing values q95 Hours spent on chores per day Number of hours the respondent spends on household chores per day 36 01 24 Range 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q96 Other work to help support family The respondents are asked to indicate whether they do any other work to help support their family or themselves q96_1 No other work q96_2 Farm work outside own family q96_3 Domestic labor outside own family q96_4 Doing handicrafts for sale q96_5 Selling goods or services q96_6 Helping in a family business q96_7 Begging q96_8 Other specify 9 Missing values q97 Wages for other work The respondents are asked to indicate whether they are paid wages for work other than household chores 1 Yes 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q98 Weekly wages Amount of money the respondent is paid per week for work other than household chores if applicable The currency used is New Ghana Cedis Ghana Kwanza Angola and Naira Nigeria respectively 000 00 999 99 Range 8888 Don t know 9999 Missing values q99 Hours spent on other work per week Number of hours the respondent spends on work other than household chores per week 00 99 Range 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q100 School missed due to illness The respondents are asked to indicate how often they missed school due to illness in the ongoing school year 1 Never 37
12. position ranking in class last term Available only in Ghana and Nigeria 1 99 Range 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q79 Class size Number of students in the respondent s class last term 1 99 Range 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q80 Attitude towards school The respondents are asked to indicate whether they enjoy school Never Hardly ever Sometimes Almost all the time Always Don t know O won PWN RP Missing values q81 Absence from school The respondents are asked to indicate how many days they were absent from school since the start of the ongoing school year Never One or two days 3 to 4 days 5 days or more Don t know O oOo A WN PR Missing values q82 Reason for absence from school The respondents are asked to indicate the main reason for their last absence from school 1 Sickness 2 Inability to pay school fees 3 Lack of transportation fare 4 Injury 33 Lack of motivation School is useless 5 6 7 Failed exam 8 Work 9 Help needed at home 10 Having a child pregnancy 11 Suspension 12 Other specify 99 Missing values q83 Repeated classes Respondents are asked whether they have ever repeated a class 1 Yes 2 No 9 Missing values q84 Number of repeated classes Number of classes repeated by the respondent 1 99 Range 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q85 Exact classes repeated The respondents are asked to indicate w
13. s mother q115_13 Father s father q115_14 Father s sister q115_15 Father s brother q115_16 Brother q115_17 Stepfather q115_18 Half brother q115_19 Other female relative father s side qi15_20 Other male relative father s side qi15 21 Both mother and father qi15 22 Pastor church elder imam 41 qii5_23 Respondent s friend qi15_24 Teacher q117_25i Other adult specify relationship q117_26i Other child youth specify relationship qi15 27 Nobody qi15 28 Not applicable 99 Missing values q116 School meetings for parents guardians The respondents are asked to indicate whether their school holds meetings for parents or guardians 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don t know 9 Missing values q117 Person attending school meetings for parents guardians The respondents are asked to indicate who usually goes to meetings for parents or guardians held by their school qi17_1 Mother q117_2 Mother s mother q117_3 Mother s father q117_4 Mother s sister q117_5 Mother s brother q117_6 Sister q117_7 Stepmother q117_8 Half sister q117_9 Other female relative mother s side q117_10 Other male relative mother s side qi17_11 Father q117_12 Father s mother q117_13 Father s father q117_14 Father s sister q117_15 Father s brother q117_16 Brother q117_17 Stepfather q117_18 Half brother q117_19 Other female relative father s side q117_20 Other male relative father s side qi17_21 Both mother and father q117_22
14. specify relationship 5 Don t know 9 Missing values qi70 Use of money sent by mother The respondents are asked to indicate what they money sent by their mother was used for most of the time 1 School fees and supplies for example books 2 Food 3 Clothing 4 Other specify 5 Don t know 9 Missing values q171 Person deciding on use of money sent by mother The respondents are asked to indicate who mainly decided how to use money sent by their mother 1 School fees and supplies for example books 2 Food 3 Clothing 4 Other specify 5 Don t know 9 Missing values q172 Parents taking care The respondents are asked whether the person taking care of them is one of their parents 1 Yes 2 No 9 Missing values q173 Caregiver having children The respondents are asked whether the person taking care of them has also children of his her own 1 Yes 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values qi74 Number of caregiver s children Number of children the respondent s caregiver has of his her own 00 20 Range 57 2 Don t know 99 Missing values q175 Number of caregiver s children living with respondent The respondents are asked to indicate how many of the caregiver s children live in the same house as the respondents themselves 00 20 Range 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q176 Caregiver s past stay abroad The respondents are asked to indicate whether their caregiver has ever lived outside their
15. to three hours per day 5 Three to four hours per day 6 Four to five hours per day 7 Five or more hours per day 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q113 Hours spent on TV computer video games playing pool per weekday The respondents are asked to indicate how many hours they spend on watching television playing computer video games or playing pool on a typical weekday 1 Respondent doesn t do any of these activities Less than one hour per day One to two hours per day Two to three hours per day mB UU N Three to four hours per day 40 Four to five hours per day Five or more hours per day Don t know O CO NO Missing values q114 Hours spent with friends per weekday The respondents are asked to indicate how many hours they spend with their friends on a typical weekday do not spend time with my friends Less than one hour per day One to two hours per day Two to three hours per day Three to four hours per day Four to five hours per day Five or more hours per day Don t know O ON DUN BPWN BP Missing values q 115 Homework check The respondents are asked to indicate who checks whether they have done their homework qii5 1 Mother qii5 2 Mother s mother qii5 3 Mother s father qii5 4 Mother s sister q115_5 Mother s brother q115_6 Sister q115_7 Stepmother q115_8 Half sister q115_9 Other female relative mother s side q115_10 Other male relative mother s side qi15_ 11 Father q115_12 Father
16. 2 q119_13 q119_14 q119_15 q119_16 q119_17 q119_18 q119_19 q119_20 q119_21 q119_22 q119_23 q119_24 q119_25i q119_26i q119_27 q119_28 99 Mother Mother s mother Mother s father Mother s sister Mother s brother Sister Stepmother Half sister Other female relative mother s side Other male relative mother s side Father Father s mother Father s father Father s sister Father s brother Brother Stepfather Half brother Other female relative father s side Other male relative father s side Both mother and father Pastor church elder imam Respondent s friend Teacher Other adult specify relationship Other child youth specify relationship Nobody Not applicable Missing values qi20 Contact person when feeling lonely or sad The respondents are asked to indicate to whom they talk when feeling lonely or sad q120_1 q120_2 q120_3 q120_4 q120_5 q120_6 q120_7 q120_8 q120_9 q120_10 Mother Mother s mother Mother s father Mother s sister Mother s brother Sister Stepmother Half sister Other female relative mother s side Other male relative mother s side 44 qi20_ 11 Father q120_12 Father s mother q120_13 Father s father q120_14 Father s sister q120_15 Father s brother q120_16 Brother q120_17 Stepfather q120_18 Half brother q120_19 Other female relative father s side qi20_20 Other male relative father s side qi20 21 Both mother and father q120
17. Don t know 9 Missing values q148 Frequency of father sending money The respondents are asked to indicate how often their father sent them money in the year preceding the conduct of the survey 1 Once a month 2 Several times a year 3 Once a year 4 Father didn t send anything 5 Don t know 9 Missing values q149 Receiver of money sent by father The respondents are asked to indicate who received the money sent for them by the father 1 Respondent 2 Respondent s caretaker 3 Another family member 4 Other specify relationship 8 Don t know 9 Missing values qi50 Use of money sent by father The respondents are asked to indicate what they money sent by their father was used for most of the time 1 School fees and supplies for example books 2 Food 3 Clothing 4 Other specify 5 Don t know 9 Missing values q151 Person deciding on use of money sent by father 52 The respondents are asked to indicate who decided how to use money sent by their father 1 School fees and supplies for example books 2 Food 3 Clothing 4 Other specify 5 Don t know 9 Missing values q152 Mother outside the country The respondents are asked to indicate whether their mother is currently living outside their home country 1 Yes No Don t know My father is deceased O A WN Missing values q153 Mother s destination abroad The respondents are asked to indicate in which country their mother is living abroad if appli
18. NNNNNNNNNHNRPRPRPBPRPRPRPBP RP BR NDOBKBWNHRPR OHO WAN DUBWNHHROWAN DUBWNRO Annex 1 Country Codes Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Luxembourg Lebanon Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Russia Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom USA Angola Algeria Benin Burundi Burkina Faso Botswana Cameroun Central African Republic 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Chad Congo DR Cote D Ivoire Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Bissau Guinea Kenya Libya Liberia Mali Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Australia China Dubai UAE East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 101 102 111 112 131 134 135 170 171 Iran Japan Kuwait Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Thailand Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador Haiti Mexico Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Venezuela Uruguay Curacao Surinam Rwanda Jamaica Estonia Lithuania Macedonia Cape Verde S o Tome amp Principe 63
19. Pastor church elder imam q117_23 Respondent s friend 42 qi17_24 Teacher q117_25i Other adult specify relationship q117_26i Other child youth specify relationship qi17_27 Nobody qi17_28 Not applicable 99 Missing values q118 Contact person for problems with homework or school exams The respondents are asked to indicate to whom they talk when having a problem with homework or school exams q118_1 Mother q118_2 Mother s mother q118_3 Mother s father q118_4 Mother s sister q118_5 Mother s brother q118_6 Sister q118_7 Stepmother q118_8 Half sister q118_9 Other female relative mother s side q118_10 Other male relative mother s side q118_11 Father q118_12 Father s mother q118_13 Father s father q118_14 Father s sister q118_15 Father s brother q118_16 Brother q118_17 Stepfather q118_18 Half brother q118_19 Other female relative father s side q118_20 Other male relative father s side q118_21 Both mother and father q118_22 Pastor church elder imam q118_23 Respondent s friend q118_24 Teacher q120_25i Other adult specify relationship q120_26i Other child youth specify relationship qi20 27 Nobody qi20 28 Not applicable 99 Missing values q119 Contact person for problems with friends or classmates The respondents are asked to indicate to whom they talk when having a problem with friends or classmates 43 qi19 1 qi19 2 q119_3 q119_4 q119_5 q119_6 q119_7 q119_8 q119_9 q119_10 q119_11 q119_1
20. The respondents are asked to judge their living conditions in comparison to other children in their environment 1 Better The same Less good Don t know O O WN Missing values q61 House during start primary school The respondents are asked to indicate whether upon their entering primary school they were 28 living in the same house as they do at the time of the survey s being conducted 1 Yes 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q62 Type of building during start primary school Type of building the respondent was living in when starting primary school 1 A separate house 2 A semi detached house 3 Flat apartment 4 Compound house rooms 5 Huts buildings in the same compound Casa in the musseque 6 Huts buildings in different compounds 7 Other specify 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q63 House ownership during start primary school Owner of the house the respondent was living in when starting primary school 1 One or both of the respondent s parents 2 The respondent s caregiver 3 One of parents relatives who is not the respondent s caregiver 4 Extended family 5 The house is rented 6 Other specify 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q64 Location of the house during start primary school Location of the house the respondent was living in when starting primary school Full name of the town region and country is recorded q64_1 Town q64_2 Region province q64_3 Country 8 Don t know 9 Mis
21. arried to each other 1 Yes 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q25 Current relationship status of parents The respondents are asked to indicate whether their parents are currently together or married to each other 1 Yes 2 No 5 See Annex 1 for country codes 15 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q26 Caregiver The respondents are asked to indicate whether they do not live with their parents but have a caretaker 1 Yes 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q27 Sex of caregiver Sex of the respondent s caregiver 1 Male 2 Female 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q28a Exact age of respondent s caregiver Age of respondent s caregiver in Years 0 90 Range 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q28b Approximate age of respondent s caregiver The respondents are asked to identify the age group of their caregiver 29 years or younger 30 39 years 40 49 years 50 59 years 60 90 years or more Don t know Onn A UNBE Missing values q29 Caretaker s occupational status The respondents are asked to identify their caretaker s professional status Working Not working Retired too old to work Disabled House husband num BWNY RP Other specify 16 7 Don t know 9 Missing values q30 Caretaker s educational level The respondents are asked to identify the highest level of education their caretaker has reached
22. artners in the survey The study is coordinated by Maastricht University under the supervision of Prof Valentina Mazzucato PI In collaboration with University College Cork in Ireland University of Lisbon in Portugal and Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies in Norway the data effort had involved a combined amount of wok from a number of PhD postdocs and research fellows African partners were subcontracted locally for the conduct of the child surveys The team worked with Centre for Migration Studies CMS of the University of Accra at Legon in Ghana Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile Ife in Nigeria and the JMJ and Motivacao in Angola IV Sampling and data coverage The aim of the student surveys was to gather data on the longer term impacts of migration on the life chances of children of migrants who remain in the origin country Life chances are defined as emotional wellbeing school performance and health outcomes The surveys include children living with both biological parents control group children living in a TCRA in which at least one parent has migrated out of the origin country and children living with a caregiver with their parents elsewhere in the origin country A special attention is given to gender children from low and high quality schools as well as children who have been sent home from abroad The data were collected in 2010 in Ghana and in 2011 in Nigeria and Angola The survey took place in ar
23. ather s second stay abroad 1950 2011 Range 8888 Don t know 9999 Missing values q137_1b Name of country of father s first stay abroad 10 See Annex 1 for country codes 11 See Annex 1 for country codes 49 q137_2b Name of country of father s second stay abroad qi37_3 Don t know q138 Respondent s age upon father s first stay abroad Age of the respondent at the time his her father left their home country for the first time 00 50 Range 97 Respondent was not born yet 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q139 Main way of contact with father The respondents are asked to indicate the way in which their father mainly stays in contact with them Landline Mobile phone E mail Text sms 1 2 3 4 5 Chat on computer for example Skype Facebook MSM 6 Post 7 Through friends family who visit 8 No contact 9 Other specify 88 Don t know 99 Missing values qi40 Contact with father during past month The respondents are asked to indicate how often their father has been in contact with them in the month preceding the conduct of the survey Everyday Few times a week Once a week Once or twice a month Not at all Don t know O om A U Ne Missing values q141 Subject matter of contact with father The respondents are asked to describe what they talk about or discuss when their father contacts them q142 Last incidence of seeing father in person 12 See A
24. been conducted on isolated indicators which were used in empirical analysis These results show good consistency and validity scores Researchers are encouraged to conduct their own checks on indicators they use from this dataset We would greatly appreciate being informed of any results coming from such checks VII WII What It Is Variables Cover Sheet qn Questionnaire number Range of questionnaire numbers per surveyed country Each country in the survey was allocated a range of numbers to code the valid questionnaires 1001 5000 Ghana 6001 8000 Nigeria 9001 11000 Angola sch_name Schools The range of schools per country Each school in every country was given an individual code Part of the anonymization process the names of schools are not disclosed in this codebook Below is the range of codes for schools in Ghana Nigeria and Angola 1 22 Ghana 23 50 Nigeria 51 88 Angola city_code_ City Name of the city in which the school is located and where the survey took place Each city in every country was given an individual code Below is the coding scheme for every city with schools the survey was conducted in Ghana Nigeria and Angola 1 Accra 2 Kumasi 3 Sunyani 4 Cape Coast 5 Akosombo 6 Ife 7 Ibadan 10 Luanda 11 Lobito 12 Benguela 99 Missing class Class type The level of class the survey respondent is attending 1 JHS1 2 JHS2 3 JHS3 4 SHS1 5 SHS2 6 SHS 3 9 Missing values Municipio T
25. cable 1 Name of country 2 Don t know 9 Missing values q154 Year of mother s departure Year in which respondent s mother left for abroad 1950 2011 Range 2 Before respondent was born 3 Don t know 9 Missing values q155 Reason for not knowing about mother s being abroad The respondents are asked to explain why they are uninformed about their mother s whereabouts and or departure q156 Mother s past stay abroad The respondents are asked to indicate whether their mother has ever lived outside their home country in the past 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don t know 13 See Annex 1 for country codes 53 9 Missing values qi57 Time and place of mother s stay abroad The respondents are asked to indicate in which years their mother lived outside their home country and where qi57_1i starting year of mother s first stay abroad qi57_1ii end year of mother s first stay abroad qi57_2i starting year of mother s second stay abroad qi57_2ii end year of mother s second stay abroad 1950 2011 Range 8888 Don t know 9999 Missing values q157_1b Name of country of mother s first stay abroad q157_2b Name of country of mother s second stay abroad q157_3 Don t know qi58 Respondent s age upon mother s first stay abroad Age of the respondent at the time his her mother left their home country for the first time 00 50 Range 97 Respondent was not born yet 88 Don t know 99 Missing values
26. cify Don t know O won A UNBE Missing values q163ii respondent s explanation for feelings mentioned in q163i 55 q164 Preferred option rejoining mother The respondents are asked to indicate which of the following options they would prefer 1 Leave the country to join mother 2 Mother coming back to join respondent 3 Respondent doesn t mind rejoining either way 4 Other gt q164i respondent s explanation 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q165 Mother sending goods The respondents are asked whether their mother sent them goods in the year preceding the conduct of the survey 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don t know 9 Missing values qi66 Goods sent by mother The respondents are asked to describe what kind of goods their mother sent if applicable qi67 Mother sending money The respondents are asked whether their mother sent them money in the year preceding the conduct of the survey 1 Yes 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values qi68 Frequency of mother sending money The respondents are asked to indicate how often their mother sent them money in the year preceding the conduct of the survey 1 Once a month 2 Several times a year 3 Once a year 4 Father didn t send anything 5 Don t know 9 Missing values qi69 Receiver of money sent by mother The respondents are asked to indicate who received the money sent for them by the mother 1 Respondent 56 2 Respondent s caretaker 3 Another family member qi69_4 Other
27. cy of smoking cigarettes The respondents are asked to indicate how often they have smoked cigarettes in the 30 days preceding the conduct of the survey 1 Notatall 2 Once or twice 3 Once or twice a week 4 Nearly every day 5 Everyday 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q108 Alcohol consumption The respondents are asked to indicate whether they have consumed an alcoholic drink like beer totepak or akpeteshie more than two or three times in their life so far 1 Yes 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values qi09 Alcohol consumption in the last 30 days The respondents are asked to indicate how often they have consumed an alcoholic drink in the 30 days preceding the conduct of the survey 1 Notatall 2 Once or twice 39 3 Once or twice a week 4 Nearly every day 5 Everyday 8 Don t know 9 Missing values qi10 Age upon first alcohol consumption Age of respondent at the time of first alcohol consumption 00 90 Range 88 Don t know 99 Missing values qi11 Frequency of fights The respondents are asked to indicate how frequently they fight with other children in comparison to others their age 1 More often 2 The same 3 Less often 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q112 Hours spent on studying homework per weekday The respondents are asked to indicate how many hours they spend on studying or doing school homework on a typical weekday 1 Respondent doesn t do homework 2 Less than one hour per day 3 One to two hours per day 4 Two
28. d to judge their living conditions at the time of their starting primary school in comparison to other children in their environment 1 Better 2 The same 31 3 Less good 4 Don t know 9 Missing values q73 Distance to school The respondents are asked to indicate in minutes how long it takes them at present to get to school from home No time respondent lives in boarding school 1 14 minutes 15 29 minutes 30 44 minutes 45 59 minutes One hour or more Don t know O o on A UU Ne Missing values q74 Means of transportation Means of transportation the respondents mainly use on daily basis 1 Walking 2 Bicycle 3 Motor bike 4 Individual Car 5 Bus trotro candongueiro 6 Other specify 9 Missing values q75 Ghana Nigeria Science marks Angola Chemistry Economy History marks The respondent s marks in various Science classes last term 1 99 Range Ghana Nigeria 0 20 Range Angola 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q76 English Portuguese marks The respondent s marks in English Ghana Nigeria and Portuguese Angola last term 1 99 Range Ghana Nigeria 0 20 Range Angola 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q77 Mathematics marks The respondent s marks in Mathematics last term 32 1 99 Range Ghana Nigeria 0 20 Range Angola 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q78 Ghana Nigeria Position ranking in class The respondent s
29. dge fathers going abroad for work 1 Very good 2 Good 3 Neither good nor bad 4 Bad 5 Very bad 8 Don t know 9 Missing values qi90 Respondent s opinion on mothers going abroad for work The respondents are asked to indicate how they in general judge mothers going abroad for work 61 Very good Good Neither good nor bad Bad Very bad Don t know O won BP WN RP Missing values qi91 Respondent s opinion on fathers working somewhere else in home country The respondents are asked to indicate how they in general judge fathers going away to work in a different place in their home country 1 Very good Good Neither good nor bad Bad Very bad Don t know O om BW NY Missing values qi92 Respondent s opinion on mothers working somewhere else in home country The respondents are asked to indicate how they in general judge mothers going away to work in a different place in their home country 1 Very good Good Neither good nor bad Bad Very bad Don t know O wom BW NY Missing values end_time_hh End time hours 00 24 Range end_time_mm_ End time minutes 01 59 Range Full details of exact time at which the respondent finished filling in the survey Hour and minute are recorded 99 Missing values qn_no Questionnaire number The number identifier for valid questionnaires 1001 5000 Ghana 6001 8000 Nigeria 9001 11000 Angola 62 VIII O o NOUN A UNBE WWWWWWW
30. eas of high out migration in every country Hence in Ghana N 2 760 the survey took place in the greater Accra region Cape Coast Kumasi Sunyani and Akosombo in Nigeria N 2168 the cities of Ife and Ibadan were surveyed in Angola N 2243 the study was performed in Luanda Lobito and Benguela By using a stratified sampling procedure an equal proportion of Junior High School JHS and Senior High School SHS children were surveyed from public and private low and high quality schools A complete list of SHS and JHS per location has been completed by the surveying team All schools have been categorized into high and low and public and private by a using Ministry categorization and b asking key experts consultants school inspectors head teachers and head masters For each location at least 2 key experts have been consulted in relation to the categorization of the schools For each location schools were shortlisted only if identified as having higher probability of having children of migrants for each category SHS high SHS low JHS high JHS low The list of schools was further minimized for each school location category based on a random number generator In each selected school one classroom per form was chosen to be part of the survey For JHS and SHS this means one classroom in Form 1 one classroom in Form 2 and one classroom in Form 3 In both JHS and SHS there was an additional surveyed pooled classroom which pooled st
31. econdary school 1 Mother 2 Father 3 Both mother and father 4 Mother s mother 5 Mother s father 6 Mother s sister 7 Mother s brother 8 Sister 9 Stepmother 10 Half sister 11 Other female relative on mother s side 12 Other male relative on mother s side 13 Father s mother 14 Father s father 15 Father s sister 16 Father s brother 17 Brother 18 Stepfather 19 Half brother 23 20 Other female relative on father s side 21 Other male relative on father s side 22 Pastor church elder imam 23 Friend of respondent 24 Teacher 25 Other adult 26 Other child youth 27 Nobody 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q47 Change of caregiver The respondents are asked to indicate how many times their carer has changed during their life so far None the respondent has always had the same carer Once Two times 1 2 3 4 Three or more times 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q48 Number of people living in the respondent s house Number of people living in the same house as the respondent excluding him herself 1 99 Range 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q49 Persons living in the respondent s house The respondents are asked to indicate who was usually living in the same house as themselves at different ages namely during their first year of life as well as upon starting primary school junior high school and senior secondary school q49a_01 27 Persons livin
32. g and outcomes that TCRAs have on the different actors The data which are the subject of this document aim to provide new empirical information on the well being of TCRA children in Ghana Angola and Nigeria The programme is funded by the NORFACE Research Programme on Migration NORFACE New Opportunities for Research Funding Agency Co operation in Europe is a consortium of fourteen research councils including the Dutch NWO created to increase co operation in research and research policy in Europe II Background Transnational migration is on the rise yet restrictive migration policies make it difficult for families to travel or be together in the destination countries This leads families to live physically apart using their networks locally and transnationally to find new or adapted arrangements for raising children The little information that exists on members of transnational families is based on small scale data in scattered countries around the globe The existent evidence indicates that there are negative consequences for children s upbringing and emotional costs on parents who migrate and children who stay behind These negative aspects may offset the positive effects of migration such as remittances and the relative well being coming from money sent from abroad Although the transnational families and practices between Africa and Europe are widespread they have not yet been systematically studied In the context of th
33. g in the same house as respondent during first year of life q49b_01 27 Persons living in the same house as respondent upon start of primary school q49c_01 27 Persons living in the same house as respondent upon start of junior high school q49d_01 27 Persons living in the same house as respondent upon start of secondary school 01 Mother 02 Father 03 Both mother and father 04 Mother s mother 05 Mother s father 06 Mother s sister 24 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 88 99 Mother s brother Sister Stepmother Half sister Other female relative on mother s side Other male relative on mother s side Father s mother Father s father Father s sister Father s brother Brother Stepfather Half brother Other female relative on father s side Other male relative on father s side Pastor church man imam Friend of respondent Teacher Other adult Other child youth Nobody Don t know Missing values 25 Part 3 Home School Work and Health Indicators q50 Type of building Type of building the respondent lives in A separate house A semi detached house Flat apartment Compound house rooms 1 2 3 4 5 Huts buildings in the same compound Casa in the musseque 6 Huts buildings in different compounds 7 Other specify 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q51 House ownership Owner of the house the respondent is living in One o
34. he territorial administrative structure of Angola includes municipios Only for Angola these territorial units were included in the data Ingombota Maianga Cacuaco Kilamba Kiaxi Cazenga Rangel Viana Samba O ON DMN AUNE Sambizanga 10 Benguela 11 Lobito 12 Baia Farta 13 Catumbela 99 Missing values Comuna The territorial administrative structure of Angola includes comunas Only in Angola these territorial units were included in the data 1 62 Range 99 Missing values Bairra The territorial administrative structure of Angola includes bairras Only in Angola these territorial units were included in the data 1 260 Range 999 Missing values int_day Day 1 31 Range int_month Month 1 12 Range int_year Year 2010 2011 Range Full details of the exact date on which the survey was filled in Day month and year are recorded in numbers 99 9999 Missing values stime_hr Start time hours 00 24 Range stime_min Start time minutes 01 59 Range Full details of exact time at which the respondent started to fill in the survey Hour and minute are recorded 99 Missing values Part 1 General Situation Indicators q1 First name The full first name of surveyed children as they are officially called No nicknames recorded 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q2i Day of birth Range 1 31 q2ii Month of birth Range 1 12 q2iii Year of birth Range 1970 2011 Full details of the birth da
35. hich class or classes exactly they have repeated if applicable q85_1 Primary Class 01 q85_2 Primary Class 02 q85_3 Primary Class 03 q85_4 Primary Class 04 q85_5 Primary Class 05 q85_6 Primary Class 06 q85_7 JHS Class 01 Ghana Nigeria Class 72 Angola q85_8 JHS Class 02 Ghana Nigeria Class 82 Angola q85_9 JHS Class 03 Ghana Nigeria Class 92 Angola q85_10 SHS Class 01 Ghana Nigeria Class 102 Angola q85_11 SHS Class 02 Ghana Nigeria Class 112 Angola q85_12 SHS Class 03 Ghana Nigeria Class 122 Angola 99 Missing values q86 Whole year missed The respondents are asked to indicate whether they ever missed a whole year of school 1 Yes 34 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q87 Exact years missed Exact years in which the respondent missed school for the whole school year if applicable q87_1 3 1990 2012 Range 8888 Don t know 9999 Missing values q88 Reason for missing whole school year Respondent s description of why he she missed a whole year of school q88_1 3 9 Missing values q89 Desired level of education Level of education the respondent would like to attain or achieve in life O om A UNBE Junior High School Senior High School Vocational School Tertiary level University Tertiary level Polytechnic teachers training college nursing training etc Don t know Missing values q90 Longer absence from school Respondents are asked to
36. house 1 A bathroom inside the house only for family use 2 A bathroom inside the house shared with other families 3 Open cubicle outside the house only for family use 4 Shared open cubicle outside the house 5 Public bath house 6 Bathroom in another house 7 Open space around the house 8 Inariver pond lake dam 9 Other specify 10 Don t know 99 Missing values q57 Toilet facilities Type of toilet facility used by the people living with the respondent 1 No facility e g bush field 2 W C 3 Pit latrine 4 KVIP this option not contained in the questionnaire used in Angola 27 Bucket pan Public toilet Other specify Don t know O ON DWM Missing values q58 Use of technology The respondents are asked to indicate whether the people they live with have any of the following items q58 1 Television q58_2 Computer q58_ 3 Fixed telephone line at home q58 4 Radio q58_5 Mobile phone q58_6 Motor bike q58_7 Refrigerator q58 8 Car Yes No Don t know O ON e Missing values q59 Use of internet facilities The respondents are asked to indicate how many of the people they live with use internet facility at home work internet caf s school or on a phone The respondents themselves should not be counted in 1 99 Range Number of people living with respondent using internet 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q60 Comparison to other children s living conditions
37. indicate whether they have ever been absent from school for more than one month at a time 1 2 3 9 Yes No Don t know Missing values q91 Reason for longer absence from school The respondents are asked to indicate the reason for their absence from school for more than one month at a time if applicable N DW PWN RP Sickness Inability to pay school fees Lack of transportation fare Injury Lack of motivation School is useless Failed exam 35 8 Work Help needed at home 10 Having a child pregnancy 11 Suspension 12 Other specify 99 Missing values q92 Problems at school The respondents are asked to indicate whether they have any problems with the school they are attending q92_1 q92_2 q92_3 q92_4 q92_5 q92_6 q92_7 q92_8 9 No problem satisfied Lack of books supplies Poor teaching Lack of teachers Facilities in bad condition Overcrowded classrooms Lack of furniture Other problem specify Missing values q93 Household chores The respondents are asked to indicate whether they do any household chores 1 Yes 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q94 Kind of household chores Kind of household chores the respondent does if applicable q94_1 q94_2 q94_3 q94_4 q94_5 q94_6 q94_7 q94_8 q94_9 99 Take care of help siblings Clean house Cook prepare meals Set table wash dishes Running errands go to the market Take care of garden animals
38. is programme a transnational family is considered one in which one or both biological parents are located overseas In many cases the separation between the migrant parent and the child is the result of strict migration policies in Europe In other cases they are the preferred choice of family members especially in societies where child fostering is a common practice such as in many places in Africa There is concern that migration of parents is a serious threat to the well being of a generation of children Yet despite the role migration plays in the life of so many families there is little statistical evidence on the effects of TCRAs on children parents or caregivers Most studies in this field are qualitative and focus on the phenomenon without a control group of non transnational families Furthermore most studies base their information on children s well being based on adult assessments teachers parents caregivers without asking the opinions of children themselves At last the existent studies have a limited to none empirical inclusion of African cases despite the fact that migration from Africa to Europe has increased in the recent decades making transnational families a widespread phenomenon By focusing on children in Ghana Nigeria and Angola the data we collected tries to address the above issues and sheds light on factors that affect and are affected by the well being of children in transnational families III Countries and p
39. lues q182 Migration and family well being The respondents are asked to judge their family situation in comparison to the time before any of their parents went to live outside their home country for the first time 1 Better off The same as before Worse off Don t know O A U N Missing values q183 Migration and family closeness The respondents are asked to judge their family situation in comparison to the time before any of their parents went to live outside their home country for the first time 1 Family member are now closer to one another The same as before Family members are now not as close to one another as they used to be Don t know O A WN Missing values 59 q184 Self assessment in comparison to children living with both parents The respondents are asked to judge themselves in comparison to other children who have both parents living with them q184_r1 Responsibility q184_r2 Independence q184_r3 Happiness qi84_r4 Status 1 More better 2 Thesame 3 Less worse 4 Don t know q185 Relationship with mother father caregiver The following values are used throughout all the sub questions mentioned below Never Hardly ever Sometimes Most of the time Always Don t know O on A UNB Missing values The respondent can turn to the following person for help when something is bothering or troubling him her q185_1 mother q185_2 father q185_3 caregiver The respo
40. n warm Hardly ever open warm Sometimes open warm Often open warm Always open warm Don t know O won A UNB Missing values q132 Father outside the country The respondents are asked to indicate whether their father is currently living outside their home country 1 Yes No Don t know My father is deceased O A U N Missing values 48 q133 Father s destination abroad The respondents are asked to indicate in which country their father is living abroad if applicable 1 Name of country 2 Don t know 9 Missing values q134 Year of father s departure Year in which respondent s father left for abroad 1950 2011 Range 2 Before respondent was born 3 Don t know 9 Missing values q135 Reason for not knowing about father s being abroad The respondents are asked to explain why they are uninformed about their father s whereabouts and or departure q136 Father s past stay abroad The respondents are asked to indicate whether their father has ever lived outside their home country in the past 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don t know 9 Missing values q137 Time and place of father s stay abroad The respondents are asked to indicate in which years their father lived outside their home country and where qi57_1i starting year of father s first stay abroad qi37_1ii end year of father s first stay abroad qi57_2i starting year of father s second stay abroad qi37_2ii end year of f
41. ndent likes how the following person talks things over and discusses issues with him her q185_4 mother q185_5 father q185_6 caregiver The respondent likes how he she and the following person spend time together q185_7 mother q185_8 father q185_9 caregiver The respondent sometimes has serious arguments with the following person q185_10 mother q185_11 father 60 q185_12 caregiver The respondent can respect the following person s ideas and opinions about important things in life qi85_13 mother qi85_14 father q185_15 caregiver The following person respects the respondent s ideas and opinions qi85_16 mother qi85_17 father q185_18 caregiver The following person treats the respondent fairly qi85_19 mother qi85_20 father q185_21 caregiver qi86 Any other comments to relationship with mother The respondents are given space to tell anything else about their relationship with their mother if they would like to do so qi87 Any other comments to relationship with father The respondents are given space to tell anything else about their relationship with their father if they would like to do so qi88 Any other comments to relationship with caregiver The respondents are given space to tell anything else about their relationship with their caregiver if they would like to do so q189 Respondent s opinion on fathers going abroad for work The respondents are asked to indicate how they in general ju
42. nnex 1 for country codes 50 The respondents are asked to indicate when they last saw their father in person 0 6 months ago 7 12 months ago 13 18 months ago 19 24 months ago More than 2 years ago Respondent has never seen father Don t know O Onn A U Ne Missing values q143 Attitude towards not living with father The respondents are asked to indicate how they feel about their father not living in the same house as themselves q143i 1 Sad 2 Happy 3 Both sad and happy 4 Nothing feel like usual 5 Other specify 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q143ii respondent s explanation for feelings mentioned in q143i q144 Preferred option rejoining father The respondents are asked to indicate which of the following options they would prefer 1 Leave the country to join father 2 Father coming back to join respondent 3 Respondent doesn t mind rejoining either way 4 Other gt q144i respondent s explanation 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q145 Father sending goods The respondents are asked whether their father sent them goods in the year preceding the conduct of the survey 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don t know 9 Missing values 51 q146 Goods sent by father The respondents are asked to describe what kind of goods their father sent if applicable q147 Father sending money The respondents are asked whether their father sent them money in the year preceding the conduct of the survey 1 Yes 2 No 8
43. nt N NS Teacher Other adult Other child youth Nobody Don t know O N NNN O ON DWM Missing values q35 Comparison to situation of other children The respondents are asked to indicate how they judge their own situation in comparison with 19 other children in their environment 1 Better off 2 Thesame 3 Worse off 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q36 Family member outside the country of origin The respondents are asked to indicate how many members of their extended family are presently living abroad or have done so in the past 1 None 2 1to2 3 3to4 4 5to6 5 7ormore 6 Don t know 9 Missing values q37 Destination of family members abroad The respondents are asked to indicate in which country most of their relatives abroad are living or used to live 1 African country 2 UK 3 Germany 4 Holland Netherlands 5 USA 6 Other Specify 7 Don t know 11 Portugal 12 Spain 99 Missing values q38 Stays abroad The respondents are asked to indicate whether they themselves have ever lived outside their home country for a period longer than 3 months 1 Yes 2 No 9 Missing values q39 Country length of and caregiver for period abroad The respondents are asked to indicate in which countries they stayed for longer periods in 6 See Annex 1 for country codes 20 which years they did so and who was caring for them during that time country_1 3 from_1 3 upto_1 3 caregiver_1 3 caregi
44. open cubicle outside the house 5 Public bath house 6 Bathroom in another house 7 Open space around the house 8 Inariver pond lake dam 9 Other specify 10 Don t know 99 Missing values 30 q69 Toilet facilities during start primary school Type of toilet facility used by the people living with the respondent when starting primary school 1 No facility e g bush field 2 W C 3 Pit latrine 4 KVIP this option not contained in the questionnaire used in Angola 5 Bucket pan 6 Public toilet 7 Other specify 8 Don t know 9 Missing q70 Use of technology during start primary school The respondents are asked to indicate whether the people they were living with when starting primary school had any of the following items q70_1 Television q70_2 Computer q70_3 Fixed telephone line at home q70_4 Radio q70_5 Mobile phone q70_6 Motor bike q70_7 Refrigerator q70_8 Car 1 Yes 2 No 3 Don t know 9 Missing values q71 Use of internet facilities during start primary school The respondents are asked to indicate how many of the people they were living with when starting primary school used internet facility at home work internet caf s school or on a phone The respondents themselves should not be counted in 1 99 Range Number of people living with respondent using internet 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q72 Comparison to other children s living conditions during start primary school The respondents are aske
45. qi59 Main way of contact with mother The respondents are asked to indicate the way in which their mother mainly stays in contact with them Landline Mobile phone E mail Text sms 1 2 3 4 5 Chat on computer for example Skype Facebook MSM 6 Post 7 Through friends family who visit 8 No contact 9 Other specify 88 Don t know 99 Missing values 14 See Annex 1 for country codes 15 See Annex 1 for country codes 54 qi60 Contact with mother during past month The respondents are asked to indicate how often their mother has been in contact with them in the month preceding the conduct of the survey Everyday Few times a week Once a week Once or twice a month Not at all Don t know O won PWN RP Missing values qi61 Subject matter of contact with mother The respondents are asked to describe what they talk about or discuss when their mother contacts them q162 Last incidence of seeing mother in person The respondents are asked to indicate when they last saw their mother in person 0 6 months ago 7 12 months ago 13 18 months ago 19 24 months ago More than 2 years ago Respondent has never seen mother Don t know O o oun A UU Ne Missing values q163 Attitude towards not living with mother The respondents are asked to indicate how they feel about their mother not living in the same house as themselves q163i Sad Happy Both sad and happy Nothing feel like usual Other spe
46. r both of the respondent s parents The respondent s caregiver One of parents relatives who is not the respondent s caregiver Extended family Other specify 1 2 3 4 5 The house is rented 6 9 Don t know 9 Missing values q52 Location of the house The respondents are asked to identify the town their house is located in Full name of the place region and country is recorded q52_1 Town q52_2 Region province q52_3 Country 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q53 Number of rooms The respondents are asked to indicate how many rooms are available in their house for use by themselves and their family This includes living dining and bedrooms but not bathrooms toilets and kitchens 1 99 Range 888 Don t know 8 See Annex 1 for country codes 26 999 Missing values q54 Number of sleeping rooms Number of rooms contained in the house used primarily for sleeping 1 99 Range 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q55 Cooking facilities Type of cooking facility available in the respondent s house No cooking Separate room for respondent s family only Separate room shared with other families Enclosure without a roof 1 2 3 4 5 Structure with roof but without walls 6 Bedroom hall living room 7 Verandah 8 Open space in compound 9 Other specify 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q56 Bathing facilities Type of bathing facility available in the respondent s
47. respondent to perform work task Ignores respondent WO ON OURA UNEA Other specify 88 Don t know 99 Missing values qi27 Mother too demanding The respondents are asked to indicate how often they feel their mother makes too many demands on them Never Hardly ever Sometimes Often Always Don t know O om A U Ne Missing values q128 Relationship with mother The respondents are asked to characterize their relationship with their mother Never open warm Hardly ever open warm Sometimes open warm Often open warm Always open warm Don t know O on A UNBE Missing values q129 Father s reaction to misbehavior The respondents are asked to indicate how their father mostly reacts to misbehavior on the respondent s part 47 Verbal say what is wrong with what respondent did Verbal scold Gets angry mad Deprives respondent of something important to him her Nothing respondent has no contact with mother Physical pinch slap spank Sends respondent to perform work task Ignores respondent O ON DU BWN PB Other specify 88 Don t know 99 Missing values qi30 Father too demanding The respondents are asked to indicate how often they feel their father makes too many demands on them Never Hardly ever Sometimes Often Always Don t know O om A UNBE Missing values q131 Relationship with father The respondents are asked to characterize their relationship with their father Never ope
48. respondents are asked to specify the range of years 0 90 Range 88 Don t know 99 Missing values qi2b Approximate age of respondent s mother The respondents are asked to identify the age group of their mother 29 years or younger 30 39 years 40 49 years 50 59 years 60 years or more Don t know Onn A UNBE Missing values q13 Mother s occupational status The respondents are asked to identify their mother s professional status Working Not working Retired too old to work Disabled Housewife qi3_6 Other specify 7 Don t know mM BWN PR 9 Missing values q14 Mother s marital status The respondents are asked to identify their mother s relationship status 1 Single 2 Married traditional church or civil marriage 3 Living together with a partner 4 Widowed 5 Don t know 12 9 Missing values q15 Mother s educational level The respondents are asked to identify the highest level of education their mother has reached No schooling Some primary school Finished primary school Some junior high school Finished junior high school Some senior high school Finished senior high school Some vocational school like teacher training or nursing O ON DMN A UNB Finished vocational school ray oO Some university e e Finished university Don t know O e O N Missing values q16 Mother s village or town of origin The respondents are a
49. sing values q65 Number of rooms during start primary school The respondents are asked to indicate how many rooms were available for use by themselves and their family in the house they were living in when starting primary school This includes See Annex 1 for country codes 29 living dining and bedrooms but not bathrooms toilets and kitchens 1 99 Range 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q66 Number of sleeping rooms during start primary school Number of rooms contained in the house the respondent was living in when starting primary school primarily used for sleeping 1 99 Range 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q67 Cooking facilities during start primary school Type of cooking facility available in the house the respondent was living in when starting primary school No cooking Separate room for respondent s family only Separate room shared with other families Enclosure without a roof 1 2 3 4 5 Structure with roof but without walls 6 Bedroom hall living room 7 Verandah 8 Open space in compound 9 Other specify 10 Don t know 99 Missing values q68 Bathing facilities during start primary school Type of bathing facility available in the house the respondent was living in when starting primary school 1 A bathroom inside the house only for family use 2 A bathroom inside the house shared with other families 3 Open cubicle outside the house only for family use 4 Shared
50. sked to identify the village or town their mother comes from Full name of the place region and country is recorded q9i Name of village town city q9ii Name of region province q9iii Name of country 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q17 Whereabouts of respondent s mother The respondents are asked to identify their mother s current whereabouts Living with the respondent Living somewhere else in the same town as respondent Living in another town in the same country as respondent Living in another country Don t know Respondent s father has passed away Onn A UNBE Missing values q18 Father s country of residence The respondents are asked to identify in which country their father is currently living 1 Name of country 3 See Annex 1 for country codes 4 See Annex 1 for country codes 13 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q19a Ghana Exact age of respondent s father Age of respondent s father in Years 10 90 Range 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q19a Angola Nigeria Years the father has been away The respondents are asked to specify the range of years 0 90 Range 88 Don t know 99 Missing values q19b Approximate age of respondent s father The respondents are asked to identify the age group of their father 29 years or younger 30 39 years 40 49 years 50 59 years 60 years or more Don t know Onn A UNBE Missing values q20
51. te month and year are recorded in numbers 88 8888 Don t know 99 9999 Missing values q3 Age Age of the respondent in years 10 90 Range 99 Missing values q4 Sex Sex of the respondent 1 Boy 2 Girl 9 Missing values q5 Religious denomination Religious denomination which the respondent identifies with No religion Muslim Catholic Protestant Methodist Baptist Presbyterian Anglican Charismatic Pentecostal Spiritualist Traditional religion Other Missing values Oo o Noun FWHDHNH BB q6 Ethnicity Ethnicity which the respondent identifies with 1 None 2 Akan 3 Ga Adangbe O ON DW RA Ewe Guan Mole Dagbon Gurma Grusi Mande q6_10 Other 11 12 13 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 99 Hausa Yoruba Igbo Ambundu Kimbundu Bakongos Cuanatos Nhaneca Humbe Herero Ambo Tchindonga Koisan Ngangela Tchokwe lunda Missing values q7 q8 Current home situation Who the child is living with at the time of the survey 1 Both mother and father 2 Mother 3 Father 4 Neither mother nor father 9 Missing values Caretaker Who is taking caregiver of the child and living with it at the time of the survey O ON OUN AUN 10 Mother s mother Mother s father Mother s sister Mother s brother Child s sister Stepmother Half sister Other female relative mother s side Other male relative mother s side 10 12 Father s mother 13 Father s father 14
52. ts are asked to identify who contributes most to their health expenses O ON DM A UNBE NNNP RP RP RP RPP RP RP BP PR NPOWAN DUBWNRO Mother only Mother s mother Mother s father Mother s sister Mother s brother Child s sister Stepmother Half sister Other female relative mother s side Other male relative mother s side Father only Father s mother Father s father Father s sister Father s brother Child s brother Stepfather Half brother Other female relative father s side Other male relative father s side Both mother and father Pastor church elder imam 18 23 Friend of respondent 24 Teacher 25 Other adult 26 Other child youth 27 Nobody 28 Don t know 99 Missing values q34 Coverage food expenses The respondents are asked to identify who contributes most to their food expenses Mother only Mother s mother Mother s father Mother s sister Mother s brother Child s sister Stepmother Half sister O ON DMN BWYNY PB Other female relative mother s side e e O Other male relative mother s side ray e Father only ray N Father s mother Father s father Father s sister Father s brother Child s brother Stepfather Half brother Other female relative father s side NPP PRP RP PRP PR OO AN DWN BW Other male relative father s side Both mother and father Pastor church elder imam N N N WN e Friend of responde
53. udents together from 4 additional randomly selected classrooms whose parents have traveled abroad during the student s lifetime or were abroad at the time the survey took place The pooled classrooms ensured that there were enough TCRA children selected to enable the analysis between TCRA and non TCRA children V Data entry and quality control The Census and Survey Processing CSPro software was used to design and enter the data A standardized data entry forms were produced for all countries Guidelines for data entry were established and the data entry operators in each country were trained for the data entry task The data in each country is harmonized and fitted for comparative analytical evidence The data had undergone a thorough quality control where numbers were checked to fit the filled questionnaires The final data have been anonymised as to make the identification of respondents impossible All questionnaires have been destroyed 1 year after the survey took place in each country VI Reliability The TCRAf Eu child data have not been assessed in terms of reliability of the included indicators i e to assess the degree to which different respondents give consistent estimates of the asked questions nor has a systematic screening of internal consistency i e whether a number of items that propose to measure the same general outcome produce similar empirical evidence was performed Some reliability and validity checks have
54. ver_ot_1 3 country of stay starting year end year 1990 2012 Range 8888 Don t know 9999 Missing values caregiver during period concerned 1 Mother 2 Father 3 Mother and Father 4 Sister s 5 Brother s 6 Other family on mother s side 7 Other family on father s side 8 Don t know 9 Missing values Other caregiver Specify 7 See Annex 1 for country codes 21 Part 2 Family Indicators q40 Family composition The respondents were asked to indicate how many of the following are part of their family how many of them they live with how many of them are older than the respondents themselves and how many of them are earning money respectively sisters_1 4 Sisters half_sisters 1 4 Half sisters brothers 1 4 Brothers hal_bros_ 1 4 Half brothers oth_boys_ 1 4 Other boys the respondent s parents take care of oth_sis 1 4 Other girls the respondent s parents take care of 9 Missing values q41 Family members 18 years or younger not attending school The respondents are asked to indicate whether any of the children in their family 18 years or younger are not attending school 1 Yes 2 No 8 Don t know 9 Missing values q42 Number of family members 18 years or younger not attending school The respondents are asked to indicate how many of the children in their family 18 years or younger are not attending school if any 1 99 Range 888 Don t know 999 Missing values q43 Caretaker s family composition

TCRAf-Eu and TCRA CHILD DATASET USER'S MANUAL

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