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User`s manual ThermaCAM™ Researcher

1. le 10 20 30 4018 Threshold Above Below n 71 0 2657 7333 67 0 65 32 3468 65 0 94 35 565 E Label my L101 LI02 O AROI Figure 5 38 A histogram example Figure 5 39 Explanations of callouts The percentage value for each class Underflow class marked by a blue line by the scale Class temperature limits Histogram table indicating the active histogram Overflow class marked by a red line by Chart area the scale Threshold indicator Plot area 44 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials If you would like to change the number of class intervals or the top bottom limit of the histogram scale this can be done by the Settings dialog box available on the right hand mouse button when you click on top of the histogram The permitted number of classes is 2 64 The histogram scale is normally connected to the IR image scale but can be set dif ferently Changing this does not however change the class interval limits that always are determined by the current IR image scale Those parts of the area line that fall outside the IR scale are included in the overflow un derflow classes If you want to be able to see and compare two histograms at the same time you must switch the histogram window over to dual histogram mode Afterwards you can select two analysis tools for display at the same time 5 7 2 Using a th
2. There is just one single flying spotmeter You can click with the left mouse button on the image to create fix spotmeters in that position if you like Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 27 5 Tutorials 5 4 4 Area tool This tool measures the maximum minimum average and standard deviation temper ature within a chosen part of the image and presents these values in the result table window or beside its symbol in the image Results can also be displayed graphically in the histogram window The results are also available through OLE You can obtain the following values Minimum maximum average and standard de viation temperature the same relative to the reference temperature except for the deviation emissivity object distance and the image co ordinates of the area Areas are called ARO1 ARO2 AR99 You create a box area by first clicking down the box button and then moving the mouse to one of the corners of the new box Hold the left mouse button down and drag the mouse to the opposite corner and release the button You create a circle area by first clicking on the circle button and then moving mouse to the centre of the new circle Hold the left mouse button down and drag the mouse to some place on the circle border and release the button You create a polygon area by first clicking on the polygon button and then moving mouse to the first corner of the new polygon area Click the lef
3. 10 nm 1mm 10mm 100mm 1m 2um 13 um Figure 10 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 jum and the extreme infrared 15 100 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 67 10 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer nm and ngstr m A The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 10 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiat
4. Distance Solid label p pre Transparent isotherm Cancel Figure 5 23 Analysis tab of the Image settings dialog box First use the list in the top left corner of the dialog box to select the appropriate analysis tool Then write some short descriptive name in the text field below unless you think that LIO1 will do This text will be shown beside the analysis symbol Further down the dialog box there is a list box that allows you to display one mea surement result beside the analysis symbol If you click in the Solid label box the text beside the symbol will be displayed on a black background This increases the visibility but hides more of the image You can also change the color of the analysis symbol in case it happens not to be visible enough Frequently the object emissivity or distance is varying between different parts of the IR image All analysis tools except the isotherm can be forced to use their own values on these object parameters Click in the box to the left of the parameter to enable the function and fill in the desired value to the right The value shown before was the corresponding value of the object parameters of the image SEE ALSO For more information about threshold see section a 5 7 2 Using a threshold on page 45 You may change more than one analysis function before clicking OK 5 4 9 Emissivity calculation The emissivity factor of an object can be calculated if you know i
5. Type a suitable label for the formula in the Label field such as Spot Area Click the Connect button Select Spot from the Object list and Temperature from the Value list and click OK This will insert the address sp1 value into your ex pression Click the button labelled This will insert a minus sign into your expression Again click the Connect button This time select the Area from the Object list and Average temperature from the Value list and click OK Your expression should now read sp1 temp ar1 avg Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 31 5 Tutorials You may also specify the precision of the formula i e the number of decimals with which the result of the formula will be displayed Do this by selecting the appropriate value from the Precision list You can use 0 5 decimals To prevent the formula from presenting its result in the result table select Hidden result Once finished click the OK button This brings you back to the Formulas dialog box To add more formulas repeat the procedure Another interesting formula you could try is sp1 temp 4 5 57033e 8 3 141592 W m 2 sr which calculates the blackbody radiance when the temperature is in Kelvin 5 57033e 8 means 5 57033 x 10 8 The command Change gives you the opportunity to change a defined formula Se lecting a formula is done by clicking on it Double clicking it will open the Change Formula
6. Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 51 7 Thermographic measurement techniques 7 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 7 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 7 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 7 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 7 2 1 Reflection source 52 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 7 Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings a Emissivity 1 0 Doy 0 You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 l Figure 7 3 1 Reflection source Please note the following Using a thermocouple to m
7. the units DeltaCelsius dC DeltaFahrenheit dF DeltaKelvin dK and DeltaObjectSignal dOS apply Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 57 7 Thermographic measurement techniques INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 58 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 8 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacturing and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and government applications Today FLIR Systems includes the history of four major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1965 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems and the three U S companies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics 10722703 a1 Figure 8 1 LEFT Thermovision Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT InfraCAM from 2006 Weight 0 55 kg 1 21 Ib including battery The company has sold more than 40 000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications Such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive t
8. 0 9 Wood planed oak 20 T 0 90 Wood planed oak 70 LW 0 88 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0 77 Wood plywood smooth 36 SW 0 82 dry Wood plywood untreat 20 SW 0 83 ed Wood white damp 20 T 0 7 0 8 Zinc oxidized at 400 C 400 T 0 11 Zinc oxidized surface 1000 1200 T 0 50 0 60 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 97 12 Emissivity tables polished 200 300 0 04 0 05 sheet 50 0 20 98 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 Index Index fpf format 39 fof format 39 gt lt values interpretation of 35 A about FLIR Systems 59 Add formula dialog box 30 address vi ALT F4 shortcut key 13 analysis tools removing 32 Analysis tab 33 34 toolbar 12 toolbar button 25 Area tool 28 Autorewind toolbar button 18 AVI options dialog box 22 B bands extreme infrared 67 far infrared 67 middle infrared 67 near infrared 67 bar Control 24 basic principles ThermaCAM Researcher 7 bitmap format 37 blackbody construction 68 explanation 68 practical application 68 BMP format 37 buttons Analysis 25 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 buttons continued Autorewind 18 Candle 42 Copy session and image 25 Copy value 36 Image settings 32 36 Lock scale 42 Open images 15 Palette 23 C Candle toolbar button 42 cavity radiator applicati
9. 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron 90 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 12 Emissivity tables Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 Lead oxidized gray 22 F 0 28 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 Lead unoxidized pol 100 T 0 05 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 Lime T 0 3 0 4 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 Magnesium 538 T 0 18 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 Magnesium pow T 0 86 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 91 12 Emissivity tables Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially
10. 21 2006 6 Menu commands 6 1 File menu This menu contains commands related to session files You can create new sessions open existing session files save the current session select a default session open add images to the current session print an image and leave the program You can also save the current tab as a bitmap file SEE ALSO For more information see sections a 4 4 Session files on page 8 5 1 1 Open images dialog box on page 15 6 2 Edit menu This menu contains commands related to the clipboard SEE ALSO For more information see sections 5 3 2 Transferring an IR image with OLE on page 25 a 5 1 How to play back images on page 15 5 4 12 Transferring single results with OLE on page 35 6 3 View menu This menu lists all the toolbars the control panels and the status line of ThermaCAM Researcher Use this menu to hide and unhide them as you please SEE ALSO For more information about tools and toolbar buttons see section 4 5 Program screen layout on page 9 6 4 Image menu This menu leads to most commands related to the handling of single images SEE ALSO For more information see sections 4 3 Image directory on page 7 5 1 1 Open images dialog box on page 15 5 8 1 Obtaining a good IR image on page 22 5 4 14 Measurement output and units on page 36 5 4 15 Studying whole images on page 37 5 4 7 Removal of analysis tools on page 32 5 4 18 Studying parts of
11. 4 15 Studying whole images on page 37 5 4 7 Removal of analysis tools on page 32 5 4 18 Studying parts of images on page 41 5 4 9 Emissivity calculation on page 33 6 9 Results table window menu This menu pops up when you click with the right mouse button on the Results table window It contains settings for the Results table 48 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 6 Menu commands SEE ALSO For more information about the result table see section a 5 4 9 Emissivity calculation on page 33 6 10 Profile window menu This menu pops up when you click with the right mouse button on the profile window It contains settings for the profile window SEE ALSO For more information about the profile see section a 5 6 How to study temperature profiles on page 43 6 11 Histogram window menu This menu pops up when you click with the right mouse button on the histogram window It contains settings for the histogram window SEE ALSO For more information about histogram see section a 5 7 How to study temperature distributions on page 44 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 49 6 Menu commands INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 50 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 7 Thermographic measurement techniques 7 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radi
12. 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 17 5 Tutorials 5 1 2 Play images toolbar When disk images are being replayed this toolbar is displayed 10421503 a2 FF bac 45_3 seq 110 w Jv n ET lil Fa id Ex 02536192 33424620 amp 3640762 Figure 5 4 Play images toolbar It resembles the controls found on ordinary video tape recorders quite a lot You can step forward and backward one image at a time You can play your images in any direction fast or slowly or jump to the end beginning of the images You set the replay rate in the list box 1 means full speed from disk 2 means twice full disk speed i e every other image is not shown 2 means half full speed You can double click on the control to make it return to 1 speed 10421603 a2 x Figure 5 5 Selection buttons for parts of images These two buttons let you select one part of the current images Click the left one when you are looking at the first leftmost image to be selected Click the right one when you look at the last rightmost image to be selected A blue indicator will mark your selection in the control When you have marked a selection the to end to beginning buttons will instead jump to the next mark and the autorewind button will change its behaviour Printouts can be made based to the selection and in the case of a sequence file being dis played editing of this file can take place You can
13. 75 10 Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as t 0 7 10 7 A When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula amp 1 p This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly 76 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 11 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense ra diation sources outside the field of view Such dis
14. F4 13 CTRL A 13 CTRL C 13 CTRL D 13 CTRL F 13 CTRL F2 13 CTRL F4 13 CTRL I 13 CTRL N 13 CTRL O 13 CTRL P 13 CTRL PAGE UP DOWN 13 CTRL R 13 CTRL S 13 CTRL SHIFT F2 13 CTRL SHIFT F4 13 CTRL SHIFT TAB 14 CTRL TAB 14 CTRL V 14 END 14 F2 14 F3 14 F4 14 HOME 14 PAGE UP DOWN 14 SHIFT F2 14 SHIFT F3 14 SHIFT F4 14 Show 3D view label 24 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 Show analysis labels label 24 Show scale label 24 Sir James Dewar 66 Sir William Herschel 63 slider Control 24 software updates 1 spectrum thermometrical 64 Spot meter tool 27 Standard toolbar 10 Standard Archive Format format 37 Standard toolbar 10 11 Stefan Josef 72 studying parts of images 41 whole images 37 whole images using MatLab 38 study temperature distributions tutorial 44 study temperature profiles tutorial 43 support technical 1 supported image formats 15 T tabs Analysis 33 34 Image 35 Image tab 24 Object parameter 35 Position 34 technical support 1 theory of thermography 67 ThermaCAM Researcher basic principles 7 thermograph 65 thermographic measurement techniques introduction 51 thermographic theory 67 thermometrical spectrum 64 thermos bottle 66 threshold explanation 45 using 45 toolbar buttons Analysis 25 Autorewind 18 103 Index U toolba
15. PM 195 295 395 UItraCAM ThermaSNAP ThermaCAM SC 3000 Indigo Merlin img and tgw Indigo Omega img and tgw Indigo Phoenix img Thermoteknix tgw tmw tlw THV 400 800 Tdiff images THV 900 1000 Tdiff images Researcher Tdiff images Single Ttx tgw bilder from Dynamite Difference images i Temperature Difference images i Object signal FFF and FFF jpg images FPF format save only FFF and JPG with Dual ISO and Diff Ttx tgw images with AVG SEQ files with text comments 5 1 1 Open images dialog box You start the dialog box with this toolbar button or by pressing CTRL I keys or by the File and Image menus 10421203 a2 z amp Figure 5 1 Open images toolbar button It will bring up the following dialog box Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 15 5 Tutorials 10427003 a1 Open Images Image directory C Documents and Settings mbroberg My Documents Therma Session images Image files BAE146 IMG CAT IMG EXH PIPE IMG Add FANS JPG HELICOPT IMG HOUSES IMG Clear all ISDLATDR IMG LAMP H L IMG Deselect LAMP SHLIMG m DILIMG PCB IMG PLASTICFILM IMG PUMP IMG SUN CELL IMG SUN CELL IMG Sot View Thumbnails Fia name img seq ana tw tik fff Cancel Files of type AII image files img seq v Figure 5 2 Open images dialog box The top field of this dialog box permits you to edit the name of the di
16. SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tye 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 81 11 The measurement formula 10400703 a2 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F 0 6 0 8 Figure 11 4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 T ef 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 82 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 12 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 12 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert Externa
17. T 0 55 0 61 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 T 0 69 sheet Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 Iron and steel oxidized 100 y 0 74 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 iT 0 78 0 82 Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0 79 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 i 0 89 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 Ji 0 88 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0 98 Iron and steel polished 100 jJ 0 07 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 89 12 Emissivity tables Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 T 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 Ji 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 T 0 28 1 Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW
18. beijing flir com cn Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Shanghai Representative Office Room 6311 West Building Jin Jiang Hotel 59 Maoming Road South Shanghai 200020 PRC Phone 86 21 5466 0286 Fax 86 21 5466 0289 E mail shanghai flir com cn Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Guangzhou Representative Office 1105 Main Tower Guang Dong International Hotel 339 Huanshi Dong Road Guangzhou 510098 PREG Phone 86 20 8333 7492 Fax 86 20 8331 0976 E mail guangzhou flir com cn Web www flirthermography com FRANCE FLIR Systems 10 rue Guynemer 92130 Issy les Moulineaux Cedex FRANCE Phone 33 0 1 41 33 97 97 Fax 33 0 1 47 36 18 32 E mail info flir fr Web www flirthermography com GERMANY FLIR Systems Berner Strasse 81 D 60437 Frankfurt am Main GERMANY Phone 49 0 69 95 00 900 Fax 49 0 69 95 00 9040 E mail info flir de Web www flirthermography com GREAT BRITAIN FLIR Systems 2 Kings Hill Avenue Kings Hill West Malling Kent ME19 4AQ UNITED KINGDOM Phone 44 0 1732 220 011 Fax 44 0 1732 843 707 E mail sales flir uk com Web www flirthermography com HONG KONG FLIR Systems Room 1613 15 Tower 2 Grand Central Plaza 138 Shatin Rural Committee Rd Shatin N T HONG KONG Phone 852 27 92 89 55 Fax 852 27 92 89 52 E mail flir flir com hk Web www flirthermography com ITALY FLIR Systems Via L Mana
19. button for this session It is also possible for you to lock the zoom factor if you like Each image can contain a different zoom factor By pressing this button you keep the same for all images If you change the zoom factor manually and forget to click the lock zoom factor button afterwards you will be asked Do you want to use your new zoom factor for all images 5 6 How to study temperature profiles 5 6 1 Obtaining a profile Temperature profiles are useful when you wish to illustrate the temperature variation across or along an object in the image You just have to put the line on the image and switch to the profile window in order to be able to see the profile Below the graph there is a table in which you can get interesting information about each line 10426303 a1 Cc 130 b 50 Label Cursor Min Mar Ava Cursor X Cursor Y LIOT 62 0 371 88 8 60 1 32 124 u02 46 3 30 8 76 1 d a Figure 5 36 A temperature profile example Figure 5 37 Explanations of callouts Profile Profile table Temperature scale Chart area Line cursor Plor area If you would like to change the way in which the profiles are displayed you can do this by the Settings dialog box available on the right hand mouse button when you click on top of the profile The profile scale is normally connected to the IR image scale but can be set indepen dently or automatically
20. clicking the Cancel button 8 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 4 About the program 4 5 Program screen layout 10426503 a2 amp New session C Documents and Settings Administrator My Documents ThermaCAM Researcher Basic 2 8 SR 1M DER File Edit View Image Recording Help assu eee Ele 2 ps4 fie52 c jum A 22 PLASTICFILM IMG la n ErI o eu o Sj 74708392 7 47 08 991 EE 7 47 08 951 76 Analysis Position z Obj Par w gt Label Value C Min Max Max Min Image 28 9 167 4 138 6 LIO1 107 4 99 4 107 5 8 1 7 A E Ke E E fee ail Avg Cursor X Cursor Y 104 9 251 105 Figure 4 1 Main window There are several layout options available These are controlled by tabs in the bottom part of the ThermaCAM Researcher window You can see combinations of the IR image the profile the histogram and the result table windows All tabs have an IR image with a temperature scale in the top left corner You cannot reposition the windows within the tabs but you can catch and move the splitter bars that separate the windows thus increasing or decreasing the relative size of each of the windows You can copy the whole program window to the clipboard by pressing the ALT PRINTSCRN key buttons You can also save the current tab as a bitmap by the command Save Tab As in the File men
21. dialog box directly The Delete button removes the selected formula NOTE Any text that follows the expression will be displayed as is in the field connected to the formula For instance your expression may be sp1 value dobj meters 5 4 7 Removal of analysis tools You remove analysis tools by clicking the removal tool in the analysis tool box down i e the red X You then move the mouse to an analysis tool and click to remove it All analysis tools including line cursors and isotherms can be removed in this way If you happen to click this button by mistake click on it again to deactivate the function In the Image menu there is a command that will remove all the active analysis tools formulas excluded at once All the active formulas may be removed by a separate command in the Image menu 5 4 8 Analysis tool styles and object parameters You can affect the way in which analysis tools appear in the image You can also change some of the object parameters used Click this button to bring up the Image Settings dialog box or select Settings from the Image menu 10423803 a2 Figure 5 22 Image settings toolbar button The Analysis tab looks like this 32 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials 10427603 a1 Image Scale Analysis Units C Label Object Parameters Text Comment Colu pz Own Object Parameters SP01 Emissivity Temperature
22. his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil wnen exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 10399003 a2 Figure 9 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 65 9 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters 1311 ft An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the in
23. shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 10327103 a4 Figure 10 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 109 um 2 Wavelength um 10 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have 2898 Aus 3 T um This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ajax A good approximation of the value of Ajax for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T 7O Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 10 Theory of thermography um Thus a very hot star such as Sirius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um 10399403 a1 Figure 10 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K
24. temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions a Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity 9 Write down the temperature 10 Move your measurement function to the sample surface 11 Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measurement 54 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 7 Thermographic measurement techniques a Write down the emissivity Please note the following Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 7 3 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the fact that radiation is being absorbed between the object and the camera and the fact that transmittance drops with distance 7 4 Reflected temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object In some cameras it is also called background temperature If the emissivity is low and the object temperat
25. w3 org XML Readers interested in the history amp theory of markup languages may also want to visit the following sites m http www gla ac uk staff strategy information socarcpj m http www renater fr Video 2002ATHENS P DC History plan htm A note on the typeface used in this manual This manual was typeset using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of Max Miedinger s Helvetica typeface Max Miedinger was born December 24th 1910 in Z rich Switzerland and died March 8th 1980 10595503 a1 m 1926 30 Trains as a typesetter in Z rich after which he attends evening classes at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Z rich m 1936 46 Typographer for Globus department store s advertising studio in Z rich m 1947 56 Customer counselor and typeface sales representative for the Haas sche SchriftgieBerei in M nchenstein near Basel From 1956 onwards freelance graphic artist in Z rich m 1956 Eduard Hoffmann the director of the Haas sche SchriftgieBerei commissions Miedinger to develop a new sans serif typeface m 1957 The Haas Grotesk face is introduced m 1958 Introduction of the roman or normal version of Haas Grotesk m 1959 Introduction of a bold Haas Grotesk m 1960 The typeface changes its name from Neue Haas Grotesk to Helvetica m 1983 Linotype publishes its Neue Helvetica based on the earlier Helvetica For more information about Max Miedinger s Helvetica typeface see Lars Muller s book Helvetica
26. your new scale for all images The following options exist for the object parameters The original parameters of the recorded images New enforced object parameters This is also controlled from the play recording tools using this button 10425103 a2 x Figure 5 35 Button used to change object parameters If it is depressed the current object parameters are kept for all new images If it is released the original object parameters of the images are used If you change the object parameters manually and forget to click the Lock object parameters button afterwards you will be asked Do you want to use your new object parameters for all images The images recorded by ThermaCAM Researcher do not contain any analysis tools Hence you have to add them while playing the images This is very well as long as the object of interest stands still You simply add the analysis and save it with the session file Should the object be moving we recommend going through the images one by one moving reshaping the analysis tools for each image and saving them under the same name Thus forcing each image to contain its own set of analysis tools There is a Save As item in the Image menu that will do the job 42 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials In order to make ThermaCAM Researcher bother about the analysis of these images in the future you have to release the Lock analysis symbols
27. 0 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 T 0 06 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 emery Brick alumina 17 SW 0 68 Brick common 17 SW 0 86 0 81 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW 0 68 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 85 12 Emissivity tables Brick fireclay 1000 T 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 T 0 59 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry plas 20 T 0 94 1 tered Brick red common 20 iT 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 1 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 T 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 1 SiOz 64 Al0O3 Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 5 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 9 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 9 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 T 0 55 1 Bronze powder T 0 76 0 80 1 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 2 Carbon charcoal powder T 0 96 1 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 di 0 98 2 face Carbon graphite pow
28. 0 T 0 06 4 Platinum 538 T 0 10 4 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 1 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 4 Platinum pure polished 200 600 T 0 05 0 10 1 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 1 94 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 12 Emissivity tables Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0 92 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 Rubber hard 20 RD 0 95 Rubber soft gray rough 20 T 0 95 Sand T 0 60 Sand 20 T 0 90 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 Silver pure polished 200 600 JT 0 02 0 03 Skin human 32 T 0 98 Slag boiler 0 100 1 0 97 0 93 Slag boiler 200 500 F 0 89 0 78 Slag boiler 600 1200 Ji 0 76 0 70 Slag boiler 1400 1800 Ji 0 69 0 67 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 500 T 0 35 18 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0 45 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0 70 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 95 12 Emissivity tables Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratche
29. 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 T 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron unpolished Nickel electroplated on 22 JT 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 T 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 2 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 92 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 12 Emissivity tables Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 1 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue T 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil bla
30. 10430103 a1 26 Analysis dk Position ET Obj Par e Image Text comment Label Value C Min Max Max Min Avg Stdev Result Expression Image 11 9 32 9 44 7 SP01 17 4 SP02 16 2 LIO1 0 1 26 7 26 6 16 5 2 7 ARO1 15 5 26 7 11 2 16 6 0 8 Figure 5 28 Image tab of the result table 5 4 11 Interpretation of gt lt values Sometimes when you accidentally make measurements almost outside the calibrated range of a camera or when you enter extreme object parameters you will get s in front of or replacing the desired values You may also get gt or lt characters in front of the values In all these cases you are out of range 5 4 12 Transferring single results with OLE If you want to see result values not shown on the IR image or to process the values in other programs then you should use OLE First you click this toolbar button or select Copy value from the Edit menu Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 35 5 Tutorials 10429903 a1 Figure 5 29 Copy value toolbar button This will bring up the Copy Value dialog box 10430003 a1 Copy value Object Date of creation IR object parameters Time of creation Text comment File name Spot Path name Line Title Area Max temperature Isotherm Min temperature Formula Camera result label Camera result Camera result diff Camera Delta2 1 formula Mi mj Copy Cancel Figure 5 30 Copy value dialog box Th
31. 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uopj Ui we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into tem perature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uopj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no elec tronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts pro vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR Systems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations 80 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 11 The measurement formula 10400603 a2 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F At Refl 0 6 Atm Refl 0 8 Figure 11 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions
32. 7 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 52 7 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity sss 54 7 8 pires cM 7 4 Reflected temperature mus 7 5 Atmospheric temperature humidity and distance sss 55 7 6 External optics transmission and temperature ssssssssseee en 56 7 7 Infrared spectral ntersue iyenasi EAEE dena de Re D accu e Rea ade aede 56 59 WANS of meas re coi tono dest dnt gene ve dri a ex Ver aV aea c 56 About ELIR Systems ene er e A eec ce A TEC 59 8 1 More than just an infrared camera sse 60 82 Sharing Olin knowledge 2r te re er ER eR i Re ARE RRS 60 8 3 Supporting our cUstorlets o rnm REIR CER RO RN IRE 60 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 8 4 Afew images from our facilities sesssseseseseeeeeenenenneenennnnnrtnnnnnnnne 61 9 History of infrared technology ssssee en eene nennen nnne nnn 63 10 Theory of thermography 10 1 Introduction 10 2 The electromagnetic spectrum tcc retener eniin 10 3 Bl ckbody radiation etin teen eere n nee enne 10 3 1 Planclkes BW ea c eerte ger qoem geo enirn 10 3 2 Wien s displacement law 10 8 8 Stefan Boltzmann s law sssssssssseseeeseeeneneenennenenetnntne nn tne treten netten 10 8 4 Non blackbody emitters 10 4 Infrared sem
33. 9903 a1 Figure 5 13 Image settings toolbar button SEE ALSO For more information about object parameters see sections a 7 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 51 a 10 Theory of thermography on page 67 11 The measurement formula on page 77 10426803 a2 Settings Analysis Units l Text Comment Image Scale Object Parameters Object Atmosphere Emissivity Atmospheric temperature 200 Relative humidity 50 T Distance Reflected temperature Computed 0 99 transmission Estimated External optics Temperature Transmission 1 00 Refer Temp HE Beset Cancel Figure 5 14 Settings dialog box It is important that these parameter values become correct Otherwise the scale temperatures and displayed colors will be wrong The image parts for which the object parameters are wrong will get incorrect temperatures and colors The measurement functions have object parameters of their own which are used to handle the case when there are two different targets in the same image SEE ALSO To calculate the emissivity of an object see section a 5 4 9 Emissivity calculation on page 33 If the colors of the image are inappropriate you can change them The selection Palette toolbar button will bring up a dialog box with the palettes available 10420103 a1 Figure 5 15 Palette toolbar button Contrary to what you might think the Show saturation colors option enables specific coloring
34. Homage to a Typeface and the following Sites m http www ms studio com articles html m http www helveticafilm com The following file identities and file versions were used in the formatting stream output for this manual 20235103 xml a19 20235203 xml a20 20235303 xml a14 20236703 xml a34 20238703 xml b7 20240803 xml a10 20240903 xml a8 20241403 xml a8 20241503 xml a8 20241603 xml a8 20241703 xml a6 20241903 xml a4 20243503 xml a5 20250403 xml a14 20254903 xml a31 20257003 xml a21 20273903 xml a3 R0027 rcp a8 config xml a5 106 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 BELGIUM FLIR Systems Uitbreidingstraat 60 62 B 2600 Berchem BELGIUM Phone 32 0 3 287 87 11 Fax 32 0 3 287 87 29 E mail info flir be Web www flirthermography com BRAZIL FLIR Systems Av Antonio Bardella 320 CEP 18085 852 Sorocaba S o Paulo BRAZIL Phone 55 15 3238 8070 Fax 55 15 3238 8071 E mail paul verminnen flir com br E mail flir flir com br Web www flirthermography com CANADA FLIR Systems 5230 South Service Road Suite 125 Burlington ON L7L 5K2 CANADA Phone 1 800 613 0507 ext 30 Fax 905 639 5488 E mail IRCanada flir com Web www flirthermography com CHINA FLIR Systems Beijing Representative Office Rm 203A Dongwai Diplomatic Office Building 23 Dongzhimenwai Dajie Beijing 100600 PRG Phone 86 10 8532 2304 Fax 86 10 8532 2460 E mail
35. Open images dialog box 16 toolbar button 15 P PAGE UP DOWN shortcut key 14 Palette toolbar button 23 patents vi 102 patents pending vi Planck Max 69 playback making measurements in 41 play back images tutorials 15 Play images toolbar 11 18 ay images toolbar menu 48 Position tab 34 postal address vi product warranty vi profile obtaining 43 Profile window menu 49 program screen layout 9 TU Q quality assurance vi quality management system vi R radiation power terms emission from atmosphere 78 emission from object 78 reflected emission from ambient source 78 radiation sources relative magnitudes 81 82 radiators cavity radiator 68 graybody radiators 74 selective radiators 74 Recording menu 48 Reduce size dialog box 21 relative magnitudes radiation sources 81 82 releases service 1 removing analysis tools 32 removing copying all selected images 20 some selected images 21 Replay settings dialog box 19 request for enhancement 1 Results table window menu 48 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 Index S result table window 34 RFE 1 S SAF format 37 Samuel P Langley 66 Scaling toolbar 12 semibold 1 semi transparent body 75 service releases 1 session files 8 Settings dialog box 23 37 SHIFT F2 shortcut key 14 SHIFT F3 shortcut key 14 SHIFT F4 shortcut key 14 shortcut keys 13 ALT
36. Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 8 About FLIR Systems 8 4 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 8 2 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 10401403 a1 Figure 8 3 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 61 8 About FLIR Systems 10401503 a1 Figure 8 4 LEFT Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot for camera testing and calibration 62 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 9 History of infrared technology Less than 200 years ago the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 9 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave simi
37. SYSTEMS User s manual ThermaCAM Researcher Basic edition Version 2 8 SR 1 Publ No 1558072 Revision a196 Language English EN Issue date December 21 2006 Notice to user Welcome Installation About the program Tutorials Menu commands Thermographic measurement techniques About FLIR Systems History of infrared technology Theory of thermography The measurement formula Emissivity tables Index ThermaCAM Researcher User s manual License number SFLIR SYSTEMS Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction All products not manufactured by FLIR Systems included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only and FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a d
38. The line presentation can be reversed in case you happened to draw the line in the wrong direction Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 43 5 Tutorials Each line can have a cursor which is displayed both in the profile window and the IR image When you need to find the image position of a certain bump in the profile add a cursor tool to the line and move it in the IR image until it hits the bump 5 6 2 Transferring temperature profile data using OLE The profile of each line or area is available in table form if you select String data for a line from the Copy Value dialog box of the Edit menu In the receiving application for example MS Excel select Edit Paste Special You can also right click inside the profile window and select Copy When pasting choose either Text or Picture Enhanced Metafile The Text option copies the profile table contents and the Picture option copies the entire profile in graphical format 5 7 How to study temperature distributions 5 7 1 Obtaining a histogram The easiest way to assess the distribution of temperatures within an area or along a line on the image is to look at the histogram which displays how much of the area line that is occupied by a certain temperature interval You simply put the area line on the image and switch over to the histogram window Below the bar graph there is a table in which you select which analysis tool to display 10426403 a1
39. Tutorials maximum average and standard deviation temperature the same relative to the ref erence temperature except for the deviation emissivity object distance and the image co ordinates of the line and a string with all the temperatures of the line Lines are called LIO1 LIO2 LI99 You create a straight line by first clicking on the line button and then move the mouse to one of the ends of the new line Hold the left mouse button down and drag the mouse to the other end and release it You create a bendable line by first clicking on the line button and then drag the mouse just a little A menu will now appear Select the Bendable line item and start clicking on the image wherever you want the corners to be placed Double click with the mouse or press the ESC key to finish the creation You create a line cursor by first pressing the left mouse button on the line toolbar button while dragging the mouse to bring up the menu Select the cursor item and move the mouse to the place on the line where you want to have the marker and click You can see the temperature of the marker now in the profile window You move a line by catching the corners with the mouse You hold the left mouse button down on the corner and drag it away You can move the whole line by catching itin the middle You move its cursor by catching it and dragging it along the line If you hold down the CTRL key while moving the line you create a copy of the li
40. any images The previous section was about measurements on single images Much of what was said there is still valid and will not be repeated here This section will deal only with questions arising when several images are involved Typical examples are how a temperature varies with time or how two or more measurements vary together 5 5 1 Making measurements in playback You can change the scale and the object parameters when playing the images Then you can choose among the following temperature scales The original scale of the recorded image the source scale A calculated scale automatically adjusted to the image A fixed scale Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 41 5 Tutorials This is controlled by one button on the Standard toolbar and one on the Play images toolbar 10424903 a2 E 11 Figure 5 33 Candle toolbar button 10425003 a2 e Figure 5 34 Lock scale toolbar button If you click on the candle it will become depressed and a new scale will automatically be calculated for every new image as you play them If you click again on the candle releasing it or if you click the Lock scale button the current scale limits will be locked kept for every new image If you release the right button by clicking on it again the original scale of the images is shown If you change the scale manually and forget to click the lock scale button afterwards you will be asked Do you want to use
41. archer sss 7 4 2 List of current image files 7 4 8 Image directory 4 4 Session files Qs lt 8 4 5 Program Screem layout ects theese eee epe eee tenente e nd eet 9 4 5 1 Standard toolbal 2 erint edd et e edenda uad 10 4 5 2 Play images tool bai tsss tee tee tede ete eet 11 4 5 3 Image dir toolbar 4 5 4 Analysis toolbar 4 5 5 Scaling toolbar 4 6 Shortcut Keys cien eed ene ttn ette i etd edge lend CAESUS 5 1 How to play back images 5 1 1 Open images dialog bOX ret nrieet terne eerie neiges 5 1 2 Play imageS tOOlDar cii dei eei piena een de ge erede 5 1 3 Replay Settings dialog box uo sse nennen 5 2 How to edit convert sequences esses tetnetne etna tetn atn tt atn ti sinite tha tn ata ta n 5 2 1 Removing Copying all selected images ssseene 5 2 2 Removing Copying some selected images sssssseeee 5 2 8 AVI BMP MatLab FPF SAF files from selected images 5 8 How to display an IR image cierre ente ern ere ce 5 3 1 Obtaining a good IR image ou eee eens eri nents teen 5 3 2 Transferring an IR image with OLE ou eee eee tenets 5 4 How to make single image measurements ssssssssee eene 5 4 1 reunirse EE 5 4 2 opolumeter TOO c c oco tenerent eode das eso ve So nena EAS 5 4 3 Flying spot meter 5 4 4 Area MOON MEC 5 4 5 LING OO ER 5 4 6 For
42. ard 70 LW 0 89 9 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 9 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Gold polished 130 T 0 018 1 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 1 Gold polished highly 100 ii 0 02 2 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 8 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 9 samples Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 9 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 1 Iron cast ingots 1000 T 0 95 1 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 1 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 1 Iron cast oxidized 38 T 0 63 4 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 2 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 4 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 4 88 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 12 Emissivity tables Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 ED 0 87 0 95 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 Iron and steel electrolytic careful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100
43. art of a sequence is saved sfimg if one image in a sequence is saved If you click the options button when the output format is AVI you will be able to set the AVI codec to other This in turn causes the Copy Selection dialog box to show the following dialog box when you click its OK button 10427303 a1 AVI Options Video compression Codec Microsoft Video 1 C Other Video image size C Small Medium C Large Frame rate 15 Cancel Figure 5 12 AVI options dialog box Here you can choose among the compressors installed in your computer and configure them Note that some of them might only be able to decompress AVI files not to compress the files You should always check that the receiver of the AVI file is able to decompress it NOTE AVI creation using 256 colors may cause problems If you experience difficulties please use a higher number of colors 5 3 How to display an IR image 5 3 1 Obtaining a good IR image You should now consider the object parameters emissivity reflected temperature atmospheric temperature relative humidity of the air the distance and the external optics transmission and temperature They describe the physical properties of the body of interest and its environment and the atmosphere between the object and the camera You can reach them via Settings in the Image menu or this button 22 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials 1041
44. ation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity 7 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is a measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidized or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98
45. ck gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 2 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20 SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper black T 0 90 1 Paper black dull y 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper blue dark iT 0 84 1 Paper coated with black T 0 93 1 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 1 Paper red T 0 76 1 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 1 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 93 12 Emissivity tables Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper yellow T 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 5 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 6 treated Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 2 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 9 nate printed circ board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 9 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 9 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 9 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 9 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 4 Platinum 22 T 0 03 4 Platinum 100 T 0 05 4 Platinum 26
46. ct whether or not you wish to copy the sequence to a new file and click OK You cannot undelete images that become removed Depending on the sequence size this operation may take several minutes The frame numbers of the images fol lowing the removed part will be resequenced The reduction works only if all the images are in the same sequence file seq 5 2 3 AVI BMP MatLab FPF SAF files from selected images Having selected some images you can convert them to other image formats by choosing Copy Selection from the Recording menu This dialog box will appear 10427203 a1 Copy Selection Output directory C Documents and Settings mbroberg My Documents Es Dutput name Base name Same as source x Output format Bmp iad Options OK Cancel Figure 5 11 Copy selection dialog box Set the output directory output name and options of preferred output format and click OK to start the copy Depending on the size of the selection this operation may also take several minutes Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 21 5 Tutorials SEE ALSO For more information about output formats see section 5 4 15 Studying whole images on page 37 SAF Standard Archive Format files can only be created if all the selected images belong to the same sequence The created images will get the following file name extensions stmov inc and pod respectively if a sequence or p
47. d Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 Ji 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 3H 0 07 2 iron Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 T 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 T 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten filament 3300 T 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 9 floor 96 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 12 Emissivity tables Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 Water frost crystals 10 iT 0 98 Water ice covered with O T 0 98 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 thick Water snow T 0 8 Water snow 10 T 0 85 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 Wood pine 4 different 70 LW 0 81 0 89 samples Wood pine 4 different 70 SW 0 67 0 75 samples Wood planed 20 T 0 8
48. d disk drive or an external drive server CD ROM PC Card etc The measurements are made with the following analysis tools isotherm spotmeter area and line The results produced by these tools can be displayed within the IR image in the profile window in the histogram window or in the result table window Formulas can be applied to the results The program uses a set of predefined screen layouts one for each type of work that you could have in mind The clipboard functions Copy and Paste are used for this purpose Several copies of ThermaCAM Researcher can run at the same time 4 2 List of current image files The images that you handle with ThermaCAM Researcher are either stored one by one where each image has a characteristic file name or stored as a sequence thus indicating that they have something in common Such a sequence of IR images is stored in an image directory either as separate files or in a single file A list a group of names of image files in the same directory is what keeps the se quence together You may change the list at will adding or removing file names You can actually group any images you like into a fake sequence The only restriction is that they have to be stored in the same directory on the disk You do not have to include all the images of the directory Single file image recordings are normally quite large ThermaCAM Researcher has functions that will let you edit these files Then y
49. d over the toolbar buttons by the mouse cursor Towards the right of this status line there are keyboard indicators for Caps Lock and Num Lock 4 5 1 Standard toolbar als o dl Figure 4 2 Standard toolbar From left to right Create a new session Open an existing session Open add images to the current session Save the current session using the current name 10417803 a2 sae S Figure 4 3 Standard toolbar continued From left to right Copy the session file and the current image to the clipboard Copy values such as analysis results as text to the clipboard Paste a copied session into ThermaCAM Researcher The name of the session is not pasted Print the current image 10 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 4 About the program 10426703 a1 s Figure 4 4 Standard toolbar continued From left to right Switch on the function automatic adjustment of the image scale Bring up the image settings dialog box Bring up the palette selection dialog box 10418003 a2 Figure 4 5 Standard toolbar continued Bring help from the manual 4 5 2 Play images toolbar 10418103 a2 F fbact46 3ceq 614 Mj f fim gt nil Gl au oss m 83505470 8 34 2 620 B 83640788 Fri Figure 4 6 Play images toolbar Top row Show second row ON OFF Name of the current image You may type a name or number in 7 VCR style playback buttons Stop in the middl
50. der T 0 97 1 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 6 86 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 12 Emissivity tables Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 Concrete 20 T 0 92 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 ly polished Copper electrolytic pol 34 T 0 006 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 Copper oxidized black 27 T 0 78 Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 Copper polished 100 iE 0 03 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 08 cial Copper polished mechan 22 T 0 015 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 87 12 Emissivity tables Ebonite T 0 89 1 Emery coarse 80 T 0 85 1 Enamel 20 T 0 9 1 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 1 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 6 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 9 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 9 Fiber board particle bo
51. dy to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object TWop where is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is Topj 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 TW ef where 1 is the re flectance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature T efl It has here been assumed that the temperature T is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula and T _ can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the emittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 T TW atm where 1 T is the emittance of the atmosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is Tq The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wa ETW Se TW Lr W atm We multiply each term by the constant C of E
52. e A control by which the replay rate is controlled a 1 means full speed from disk this field a 2 means twice full disk speed i e every other image is not shown a 2 means half full speed Auto rewind button Lock temperature scale button Lock object parameters button Lock analysis tools button Lock zoom factor button The Lock buttons will when pressed let you keep the same temperature scale object parameters analysis tools zoom factor for all images being replayed regardless of what is stored inside the images When you depress these buttons the information of the images will be used instead Second row Current image time frame trig count Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 11 4 About the program First image time frame trig count Slider Move fast within your image sequence The first image is to the left Last image time frame trig count The time frame trig count field depends on the Presentation selection in Replay Settings in the Recording menu It is either abso lute image time relative time to first frame frame number or trig count Set selection start Set selection end Start is always to the left of End The slider will highlight the selected area within the sequence with a blue color 4 5 3 Image dir toolbar 10418303 a1 C AImages s E Figure 4 7 Image dir toolbar The image directory You may edit this field to change it B
53. e addresses and telephone numbers to local sales offices on the back cover of this manual FLIR Systems regularly issues software upgrades and service releases on the support pages of the company website http www flirthermography com To find the latest upgrades and service releases make sure you select USA in the Select country box in the top right corner of the page To read about infrared training visit this site http www infraredtraining com This software is sold under a single user license This license permits the user to install and use the software on any compatible computer provided the software is used on only one computer at a time One 1 back up copy of the software may also be made for archival purposes Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 1 1 Notice to user INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 2 Welcome Thank you for choosing ThermaCAM Researcher a This is the operator s manual of ThermaCAM Researcher We are convinced that this program will be a useful tool when you explore the fascinating world of infrared imaging and measurements If you need the manual but cannot find it you can rely on that the same information is available as the help text of the program 2 1 New features in ThermaCAM Researcher 2 8 ThermaCAM Researcher 2 8 has a number of changes mainly regarding the f
54. e eye no longer black This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 10 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 10 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula 2 W x 10 Watt m um Uum A c J 1 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 2 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 1034 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 69 10 Theory of thermography The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength max and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the
55. e settings toolbar button 32 36 infrared semi transparent body 75 infrared technology history 63 interpretation of gt lt values 35 IR image window menu 48 ISO 9001 vi Isotherm tool 26 italic 1 J James Dewar 66 Josef Stefan 72 K Kirchhoff Gustav Robert 68 L labels Get analysis 25 Show 3D view 24 Show analysis labels 24 Show scale 24 Update temperatures 24 Zoom factor 25 Landriani Marsilio 63 Langley Samuel P 66 laws Planck s law 69 Stefan Boltzmann s formula 72 Wien s displacement law 70 legal disclaimer vi Leopoldo Nobili 65 Line tool 28 list of current image files 7 Lock scale toolbar button 42 Ludwig Boltzmann 72 Macedonio Melloni 64 101 Index N make single image measurements tutorial 25 making measurements in playback 41 Marsilio Landriani 63 MatLab format 37 Max Planck 69 measure many images tutorials 41 measurement formula 77 measurement situation general thermographic 77 measurement units 36 Melloni Macedonio 64 menus Edit 10 47 File 10 47 Help 48 Histogram window 49 Image 10 47 IR image window 48 Play images toolbar 48 Profile window 49 Recording 10 48 Results table window 48 View 10 47 middle infrared band 67 monospace 1 N near infrared band 67 Nobili Leopoldo 65 non blackbody emitters 73 Oo Object parameter tab 35 obtaining histogram 44 IR image tutorial 22 profile 43
56. easure reflecting temperature is not recommended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 7 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 53 7 Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down 10727003 a2 Figure 7 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil Step 2 Determining the emissivity Action Select a place to put the sample 2 Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous pro cedure 3 Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample 4 Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even 5 Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image 6 Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast 7 Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 8 Measure the
57. eda 41 5 5 How t measure many Images ettet tob nece ege inae nnda 41 5 5 1 Making measurements in playback 5 6 How to study temperature profiles 5 6 1 Obtaining a profile f 43 5 6 2 Transferring temperature profile data using OLE sse 44 5 7 How to study temperature distributions ssseeeen nns 44 5 7 1 Obtaining a histogram m cim m me para ner Dents 44 5 7 2 Using a threshiold tette eene 45 5 7 3 Transferring temperature distribution data using OLE sss 45 Menu commands 3 en eed e Ree tae cased eaii arida haear 47 6 1 File menu 6 2 Edit menu 6 3 View menu e 6 4 MAG SGU masrana enni mitten Peri Hes ecl U QN oM Les DACIA Fre Lcd 47 6 5 Hecordirig MeNi rette ete tete eee en ind vent e cand hte 48 6 6 Helpi men een Pye En ead oen odes tal Her Levi ette CT IRA 48 6 7 Play Images toolbar menu ssssssssseneeeenenenennennennnnne nennen nnne rennen 48 6 8 IR Image window menus 48 6 9 Results table window menu 48 6 10 Profile window menu 49 6 11 Histogram window menu ssssssseeeeeeeeneneeneennennenn nnne nenne nnne nnn eren 49 Thermographic measurement techniques sssssssssee eene 51 7 1 niirere v eio M E E E T 51 7 2 UE anaE EE EE ENNEA EEEE EEEE ESE A AEE EEEE EEEE 51 7 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample ssssssseeeennene 52
58. efect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory Copyright FLIR Systems 2006 All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This manual must not in whole or part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the pr
59. en click in the left column on the appropriate type of object and fill in the ordinal number in the text box below SP01 corresponds to spot object 1 Click in the right column on the desired value Click Copy and this value can now be copied into other applications 5 4 13 Transferring the result table with OLE Click inside the result table window with the right hand mouse button and select Copy In the receiving application for example MS Excel select Edit Paste The whole result table is transferred 5 4 14 Measurement output and units You can select the temperature unit and distance unit you want the analysis tools to work with at the Units tab of the Image Settings dialog box that you bring up from the Image menu or with this button 10424603 a2 Figure 5 31 Image settings toolbar button The temperature unit is also used in the temperature scale 36 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials 10427803 a1 Image Scale Object Parameters Analysis Units Text Comment Distance Temperature Metre Celsius C Foot C Fahrenheit C Kelvin Preferred Output Temperature C Object Signal Figure 5 32 Settings dialog box From the same dialog box you can also set the preferred measurement output The Temperature value is calibrated with a set of reference blackbodies Object signal is a non calibrated value approximately proportional to the amount of radiation s
60. ensed by the detector It will change from camera to camera and be tween the measurement ranges 5 4 15 Studying whole images Users of MatLab or MS Excel will find it convenient to be able to study images them selves The selection Save As in the Image menu leads to a dialog box in which the current image can be saved in various formats MatLab format with one double precision value for each element of the image FLIR Public Format file format with one single precision value for each element of the image BMP bitmap format with or without analysis Can only be used to view the images CSV comma separated value format The temperatures of the whole image is stored in a text format that MS Excel can read The character that separates the temperatures in the file is fetched from the Windows regional settings SAF Standard Archive Format was created for flexible and extensible use in data archiving Although the data may be in ASCII or one or several binary formats the file header is plain ASCII text and therefore human readable SEE ALSO For more information see section 5 4 16 Studying whole images with MatLab on page 38 a 5 4 17 FLIR Public image format on page 39 There is also the Save Tab As command in the File menu which saves the current tab i e both the image and the adjacent graphs as a bitmap file Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 37 5 Tutorials 5 4 16 Studyi
61. erter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry 66 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 10 Theory of thermography 10 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the theory behind ther mography will be given 10 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re gions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 D 2 3 4 10m 100m 1km
62. esting process control and automation machine vision and many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in United States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Direct sales offices in Bel gium Brazil China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Sweden and USA together with a world wide network of agents and distributors support our international customer base FLIR Systems is at the helm of innovation in the infrared camera industry We anticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspections the first uncooled infrared camera to mention but a few innovations Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 59 8 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detector design and manufacturing over lenses and System electronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are done and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 8 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to
63. go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them the most powerful camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wide variety of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications 8 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit which pro vides certified training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a real hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC is also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 8 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If there should be a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and know how to solve it within the shortest possible time Hence there is no need to send your camera to the other end of the world or to talk to someone who is not speaking your language 60
64. he top of the isotherm regardless of how wide it is The Above isotherm will highlight all temperatures above a temperature value and the below isotherm the opposite Dual above and Dual below isotherms are an above below isotherm attached to an interval isotherm with a different color The dual isotherms highlight two temperature spans You activate the tool and set its level by clicking on the color scale beside the image If the scale has been switched off in the Image Settings dialog box you have to switch it on again Isotherms can be viewed in a transparent mode Select the Analysis tab from the IR objects settings dialog box and select the transparent isotherm check box Transparent isotherm is best viewed with a grey palette because the isotherm will always be presented in the image with red for above green for interval and blue for below If two isotherms of the same kind are present the latest added isotherm will be shown in yellow 26 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials It is possible to change the isotherm level after it has been created You catch the level in the color scale by pressing the left mouse button precisely on the level and pull it to where you want it to be Then release the left mouse button The interval isotherm can be changed in three ways You can catch it in the upper and lower ends changing them You can also catch it in the middle and move both ends at
65. here the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 9 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays Ironically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared wou
66. i transparent materials ssssssssssssssseseeeneeneeennennennnnenetnnns 75 11 The measurement formula 5 e noe ei e qnn orien aedes 77 12 Emissivity tables 88 12 1 References TES 88 12 2 Important note about the emissivity tables ssssssseen en 83 puer M 83 bI oe I 99 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 ix Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 Typographical conventions Comments amp questions Technical support Software updates Training Additional license information Notice to user This manual uses the following typographical conventions Semibold is used for menu names menu commands and labels and buttons in dialog boxes Italic is used for important information Monospace is used for code samples UPPERCASE is used for names on keys and buttons Make a report of errors you find as well as your suggestions for new revisions Send an e mail to documentation Qflir se When you need technical support make sure that you have the following information on hand The camera model name The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your PC for example Ethernet USB or FireWire Operating system on your PC Microsoft amp Office version Full name publication number and revision number of the manual You find th
67. ialog box 34 END shortcut key 14 extreme infrared band 67 F F2 shortcut key 14 F3 shortcut key 14 F4 shortcut key 14 far infrared band 67 File menu 47 file formats BMP 37 FLIR Public Format 37 MatLab 37 SAF 37 supported 15 files image 7 session 8 FLIR Public Format format 37 39 FLIR Systems copyright vi history 59 ISO 9001 vi legal disclaimer vi patents vi patents pending vi postal address vi product warranty vi quality assurance vi quality management system vi request for enhancement 1 RFE 1 trademarks vi warranty vi Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 Index G Flying spot meter tool 27 formats BMP 37 CSV 37 FLIR Public Format 37 MatLab 37 SAF 37 supported 15 Formula tool 29 formulas Planck s law 69 Stefan Boltzmann s formula 72 Wien s displacement law 70 fpf format 39 G Get analysis label 25 graybody 74 GUI 9 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 68 H heat picture 65 Help menu 48 Herschel William 63 histogram obtaining 44 Histogram window menu 49 history FLIR Systems 59 infrared technology 63 HOME shortcut key 14 l image directory 7 files list of current 7 Image menu 47 tab 24 35 Image dir toolbar 12 image formats BMP 37 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 image formats continued CSV 37 FLIR Public Format 37 MatLab 37 SAF 37 supported 15 Imag
68. images on page 41 5 4 9 Emissivity calculation on page 33 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 47 6 Menu commands 6 5 Recording menu This menu contains commands about the playback of recordings SEE ALSO For more information see sections a 5 1 How to play back images on page 15 5 2 How to edit convert sequences on page 20 6 6 Help menu This menu provides you with access to the ThermaCAM Researcher help file which happens to correspond to this manual and with version information about Therma CAM Researcher and its components the IR image control program and the camera control program 6 7 Play Images toolbar menu This menu pops up when you click with the right mouse button on the play images tool bar It contains some of the commands in the Recording menu SEE ALSO For more information see sections a 5 1 How to play back images on page 15 a 5 2 How to edit convert sequences on page 20 6 8 IR Image window menus These menu pops up when you click with the right mouse button on the IR image If you happen to click near an analysis symbol you will get a menu for that symbol If you click anywhere else on the IR image you will get a menu with some of the commands from the IR menu SEE ALSO For more information see sections 5 1 1 Open images dialog box on page 15 5 8 1 Obtaining a good IR image on page 22 5 4 14 Measurement output and units on page 36 5
69. ion 10398803 a1 Figure 10 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example 68 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 10 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to th
70. l thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 Ohman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 12 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The values should be regarded as recommendations only and used by caution 12 3 Tables Figure 12 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 0 67 9 70 SW dull Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 83 12 Emissivity tables Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 gra
71. lar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation de tector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other ther mometers placed outside the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 63 9 History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point w
72. ld probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s 64 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 9 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 9 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2 C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing 3 meters away 10 ft The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in
73. le Object Parameters IR image When opening IR file v Show scale Get analysis v Show analysis labels I Show 3D view Zoom factor IV Update temperatures while moving analysis 1 00 Figure 5 17 Image tab of the Settings dialog box The Show scale option switches the display of the temperature and color scale on off The Show analysis labels option will switch the display of the label texts on off The Show 3D view option will display a pseudo 3D version of the image The Update temperatures option has to do with the update of the profile histogram and result table when analysis tools are moved around in the image 24 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials The Get analysis option should not be used unless your images contain analysis tools that vary from image to image which normally isn t the case The Zoom factor makes it possible to temporarily enlarge the centre of an image 5 3 2 Transferring an IR image with OLE If you want to display your image in a program not designed for IR images you have to use OLE to make it visible Use the Copy session and image toolbar button or the same command of the Edit menu 10420503 a1 Figure 5 18 Copy session and image toolbar button 5 4 How to make single image measurements Sometimes you just need to look at an IR image to measure it You can look for anomalies hot or cold areas and get an impression of their temperat
74. le 8 bytes unsigned short xSize unsigned short ySize unsigned long trig count external trig counter unsigned long frame count frame number in sequence long SspareLong 16 0 FPF IMAGE DATA T 5 4 17 3 The camera data structure 360 bytes String lengths define FPF CAMERA TYPE LEN 31 Camera name string define FPF CAMERA PARTN LEN 31 Camera part number string define FPF CAMERA SN LEN 31 Scanner serial number string define FPF LENS TYPE LEN 31 Lens name string define FPF_LENS_PARTN_LEN 31 Lens part number string define FPF_LENS_SN_LEN 31 Lens serial number string define FPF FILTER TYPE LEN 31 Filter name string define FPF FILTER PARTN LEN 31 Filter part number string define FPF FILTER SN LEN 31 Filter serial number string typedef struct LE 1 char camera name FPF CAMERA TYPE LEN 1 char camera partn FPF CAMERA PARTN LEN 1 char camera sn FPF CAMERA _ SN LEN 1 floa floa char char char char char char long t camera range tmin t camera range tmax lens name FPF LENS TYPE LEN 1 lens partn FPF LENS PARTN LEN 1 lens sn FPF LENS SN LEN 1 filter name FPF FILTER TYPE LEN 1 filter partn FPF FILTER PARTN LEN 1 filter Sn FPF FILTER SN LEN 1 spareLong 16 0 FPF CAMDATA T 5 4 17 4 The object parameters data structure 104 bytes typedef struct 1 float emissivi
75. log box View thumbnails option selected The list of files will become a list of images instead The images with a blue frame are the highlighted ones The images are always displayed with the iron palette and with their own scale object parameter analysis and zoom settings Using the three radio buttons below the images you have the option of displaying the date or time instead of the image names The buttons in the middle of the dialog box manipulate the names of the list to the left The Add button will copy all highlighted file names from the right list to the left one The Clear All button will clear the left list The Deselect button will remove highlighted items in the left list If no items are highlighted nothing is removed The image files are not deleted from disk by this operation only their names in the list The Sort selection will rearrange the names in the left list They become sorted in al phabetical order and duplicate names are removed This gives you the possibility to arrange the list of names as you like You should use mouse clicks in combination with holding down the SHIFT or CTRL keys in order to manipulate the highlighting of the lists You may add both single images and image sequence files to the left list at the same time although it is probably not very common practice When clicking OK you select all the image files in the list to the left for playback by ThermaCAM Researcher Publ No 1
76. m the Recording menu Then you will be asked to confirm it is the right selection You cannot undelete images that become removed Depending on the sequence size this operation may take several minutes The frame numbers of the images fol lowing the removed part will be resequenced Removing images only works if all the images are in the same sequence file seq Instead if you choose Copy Selection from the Recording menu and then choose output format Seq you may select a directory and enter a file name for the new se quence file Depending on the size of the selection this operation may also take sev eral minutes Copying images in this way only works if all the images are in the same sequence file seq 20 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials 5 2 2 Removing Copying some selected images Having selected some images you can also choose Reduce Selection from the Recording menu This dialog box will appear 10422103 a1 Reduce size Current Destination Size 154 20Mb Size 77 10Mb Frames 2044 Frames 1022 File name C Documents and BAC146_3 SEQ 1 801h i 59 80 th Remove 1 in 2 frames Action Copy to new sequence file Remove from current sequence file Cancel Figure 5 10 Reduce size dialog box If you move the slider in the centre of the dialog box to the right more of the sequence file is kept If you move it to the left less is kept Sele
77. mula TOON eR 5 4 7 Removal of analysis tools sesenta 32 5 4 8 Analysis tool styles and object parameters sss 32 5 4 9 Emissivity Calculation ete edi ende oc eere a 33 5 4 10 Result table window 5 4 10 1 Analysis aD sits nevneren eean atin doen tae eredi de Do dedo age 34 5 4 10 2 POSION BASeno eein EASE EEEE 34 5 4 10 3 Object parameter tab sssssssssseseeeeeeeeneeennennnen 35 5 4 10 4 Image taB en 35 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 vii viii 5 4 11 Interpretation of gt lt values irme 35 5 4 12 Transferring single results with OLE 5 4 48 Transferring the result table with OLE 5 4 14 Measurement output and units 36 54 15 Studying whole images 2 eee tm tee e dass 37 5 4 16 Studying whole images with MatLab sse 38 5 4 17 FUR P blic image format mee ett metes 39 5 4 17 1 The whole header data structure size 892 bytes 39 5 4 17 2 The image data structure 120 bytes 40 5 4 17 3 The camera data structure 360 bytes 40 5 4 17 4 The object parameters data structure 104 bytes 40 5 4 17 5 The date and time data structure 92 bytes ssssss 41 5 4 17 6 The scaling data structure 88 bytes sess 41 5 4 18 Studying parts of images eet te
78. mula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 10 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost black There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction v may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is used to imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that i
79. ncident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation a p 7 1 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 73 10 Theory of thermography For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to a py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows Wy Wo Ey Generally speaking there are three types of radiation source distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which constant less than 1 A selective radiator for which e varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey Ay From this we obtain fo
80. ne instead of moving it 5 4 6 Formula tool This tool is used for adding and editing formulas A formula can contain all common mathematical operators and functions such as square root etc Also numeric constants such as 3 14 can be used Most importantly references to measurement results formulas and other numerical data can be inserted into formulas The formula button has a menu If you bring up the menu you will find some frequently used formulas to add in addition to entries leading to an add formula dialog box and an edit formulas dialog box The result of the formulas appears in the result table Click the Formulas toolbar button The Edit formulas dialog box will appear Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 29 5 Tutorials 10427403 a1 Edit Formulas Name Label Expression i foO1 sp1 temp arl ava Change Delete Figure 5 20 Edit formulas dialog box Click Add and another dialog box will be displayed in which you define your new formula 10427503 a1 Add Formula Formula Name Label Precision Hidden result foo ur o sr Expression ze obl dol Math Connect Cancel Figure 5 21 Add formula dialog box The formula name is generated automatically and identifies the formula uniquely In the Label field type a text describing your formula This label will appear in the result table window No
81. ng whole images with MatLab ThermaCAM Researcher uses a simple MatLab matrix format The binary file begins with five 4 byte integers structure This is how it is described in C typedef struct MatLab file header level 1 0 long type 0 Intel type long mRows Image height long nCols Image width long imagF 0 No imaginary part long namLen Length of the matrix name 1 MatLabHeader This is followed by the name of the matrix which corresponds to the name of the mat file This name must begin with a letter and not contain any strange character for MatLab to be able to read the file In MatLab 7 this name can not have more than 7 characters The name is followed by nCols mRows 8 byte double precision float numbers each containing the current value of one point in the image column by column XXXX 1 1 Top left corner of the image The image value matrix is followed by four extra one column matrices containing data about the stored image Example for image XXXX XXXX DateTime 1 1 Year XXXX DateTime 1 2 Month XXXX_DateTime 1 3 Day XXXX DateTime 1 4 Hour XXXX DateTime 1 5 Minute XXXX DateTime 1 6 Second XXXX DateTime 1 7 Millisecond XXXX ObjectParam 1 1 Emissivity XXXX ObjectParam 1 2 XXXX ObjectParam 1 3 XXXX ObjectParam 1 4 XXXX ObjectParam 1 5 XXXX ObjectParam 1 6 XXXX ObjectParam 1 7 Object distance Reflected Temperature Atmospheric Temperature Relative Humidi
82. o lens before reaching the camera Then that optics external to the camera will absorb some of the radiation To correct for this effect enter the transmittance and temperature of the optics Ambient reflections in the external optics are not taken into consideration mathemat ically so the optics either has to have a non reflective coating or have the same temperature as the ambient on the camera side to make the correction work prop erly Please avoid ambient reflections Do for instance make sure that the camera cannot see itself mirrored in the external optics To avoid applying this type of compensation please set the external optics transmis sion to 1 0 7 7 Infrared spectral filters Any object with a temperature above 0 Kelvin will emit electromagnetic radiation over a wide spectrum The hotter the object the stronger and wider the radiation and the shorter its wavelength Infrared detectors are only sensitive in parts of the infrared waveband This means that the temperature calculations in infrared cameras make assumptions about the amount of radiation present in other wavebands Infrared cameras are calibrated with a set of standard blackbodies at various temper atures Any object in air behaving like a blackbody can thus be treated properly by the camera Sometimes there are different conditions Hot gases for instance emit radiation only at discrete wavelengths stripes Cold gases absorb radiation in stripe
83. oducts herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice Patents This product is protected by patents design patents patents pending or design patents pending vi Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 Table of contents T Notice to user eoram eta o tee e de D te Lade etie vede 1 2 Welcomelt 252 6 one Mosi Ur ns est dede a es eL a iene a tater verd c Ta add 3 2 1 New features in ThermaCAM Researcher 2 8 sss 3 3 Installatlori ioco ce tete ehe a eee d cipe ea pe eb tad 5 3 1 Installation instr ctiOrns 5 er e reete Reiser anaia iaae 5 3 1 1 Installation of the application software sssssesenenes 5 39 2 Where do the installed files go sse nennen tette tenen 5 4 About the program eene etie a mete ebd a de nid A EE S 7 4 1 Basic principles for ThermaCAM Rese
84. of image points which are outside the current temperature scale The Show out of range colors option enables specific coloring of image points which are outside the detectable range of the camera Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 23 5 Tutorials You can change the temperature scale with this control bar 34 6 102 5 u n F Figure 5 16 Control bar You can use the slider to search for a good scale or to set fixed limits Remember that the maximum temperature always has to exceed the minimum temperature Click on the input fields if you want to edit them and hit the ENTER key afterwards If you select Auto Adjust you will find that an attempt to find the optimum scale is made for each new image A small part of the temperature span of the image is however wasted to minimise the effect of noise in the image The measurement areas have a related auto adjustment function which adjust the scale based on the area The rightmost button will keep the distance between the slider controls fixed Sometimes when a live camera image is shown you can find it impossible to change the scale in ThermaCAM Researcher This is when the camera has been set to continuously adjust the level or span of the image Switch that camera setting off Finally in the Image tab of the Settings dialog box there are a few more options you can explore 10426903 a1 Analysis Units Text Comment Image Sca
85. ollow ing Indigo Merlin Omega image formats img and tgw Standard Archive Format SAF output from Copy Selection and Image Save As Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 3 2 Welcome INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 4 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 3 Installation 3 1 Installation instructions We recommend that you first close all applications running on your computer except for antivirus and firewall software If you have Windows NT 4 0 2000 or XP please log in as the Administrator during the installations 3 1 1 Installation of the application software ThermaCAM Researcher is installed by an installation utility program It will guide you through the installation steps and do most of the work Just insert the CD ROM and choose to start the installation of ThermaCAM Researcher from the installation window that appears During the installation you will be asked to type in the license number Your license number is unique and can be found on the first page of the manual The directory structure of ThermaCAM Researcher is pre set The only adaptation you can make during the installation is to change the name of the directory in which the program is installed When the installation finishes you may have to restart your computer After this installation you will be able to start ThermaCAM Researcher from the Programs entry of the Start b
86. ons 68 explanation 68 comma separated value format 37 comments 1 Control bar 24 conventions typographical italic 1 monospace 1 semibold 1 UPPERCASE 1 copyright vi Copy selection dialog box 21 Copy session and image toolbar button 25 Copy value dialog box 36 toolbar button 36 courses 1 CSV format 37 CTRL A shortcut key 13 CTRL C shortcut key 13 CTRL D shortcut key 13 CTRL F shortcut key 13 CTRL F2 shortcut key 13 99 Index D CTRL 4 F4 shortcut key 13 CTRL I shortcut key 13 CTRL N shortcut key 13 CTRL O shortcut key 13 CTRL P shortcut key 13 CTRL PAGE UP DOWN shortcut key 13 CTRL R shortcut key 13 CTRL S shortcut key 13 CTRL SHIFT F2 shortcut key 13 CTRL SHIFT F4 shortcut key 13 CTRL SHIFT TAB shortcut key 14 CTRL TAB shortcut key 14 CTRL V shortcut key 14 current image files list 7 customer support 1 D Dewar James 66 dialog boxes Add formula 30 AVI options 22 Copy selection 21 Copy value 36 Edit formulas 30 Emissivity calculation 34 Open images 16 Reduce size 21 Replay settings 19 Settings 23 37 directories image 7 display IR image tutorial 22 distance explanation 55 E Edit menu 47 100 edit convert sequences tutorial 20 Edit formulas dialog box 30 education 1 electromagnetic spectrum 67 emissivity data 83 explanation 51 tables 83 Emissivity calculation d
87. ou are supposed to first open all im ages and then mark the images to be removed or copied as a selection 4 3 Image directory All the images of the same recording have to be placed in the same directory on disk We call it the image directory The full path name of the image directory is displayed in the program title bar Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 7 4 About the program 4 4 Session files You often need to be able to recreate particular situations such as an experiment during your work ThermaCAM Researcher uses session files for this purpose It stores for example the list of the currently open images in its session files They do however not contain the images themselves The full path name of the image directory is also stored in the session file If you move the images or try to reach them from another computer in which the image directory has another path you will have to correct this path in order to be able to see the images again You may select a session file to become the default session This means that every time you start ThermaCAM Researcher or order a brand new session the default session settings and images will be fetched The Set Default Session command is in the File menu Should you wish to avoid reading the default session press SHIFT while ThermaCAM Researcher starts You deselect the default session by opening the default settings dialog box and
88. oval button works in the same way Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 25 5 Tutorials Once the symbols have been drawn you get the opportunity to bring up a menu for each symbol by hovering with the mouse cursor above the symbol and clicking with the right mouse button The symbol will respond by changing its color and the mouse cursor when you can catch it Formula results are not presented in the IR Image instead they are available in the result table and through OLE functions Three of the toolbar buttons are equipped with menus that you can activate by moving the mouse a little before releasing the mouse button This is indicated with a small arrow facing downward on those buttons 5 4 1 Isotherm tool An isotherm is a marker in an infrared image that highlights areas where the radiation from the object is equal The name isotherm can be misleading since it implies that equal temperatures are highlighted This is only true if the emissivity of the object is the same all over the image If you bring up the menu on this button you will see that there are five types of isotherms in ThermaCAM Researcher The most commonly used one is the Interval isotherm It will highlight a temperature interval with a certain selectable width There is a marker in the color scale to indicate the position of the isotherm The temperature measurement value associated with the interval isotherm is taken at t
89. quation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 Uo ETU gb E TU na r U atm Solve Equation 3 for Uopj Equation 4 78 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 11 The measurement formula 1 1 1 Us U rg Ug U atm ET ET This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Figure 11 2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T pj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tes according to the calibration Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation the object emittance the relative humidity Tatm object distance Dopj the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temperature Taf and the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a p
90. r an opaque material since a p 1 amp p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p l For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W ec T Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 74 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 10 Theory of thermography 10401203 a2 Figure 10 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 10327303 a4 Figure 10 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 10 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transparent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006
91. r buttons continued Candle 42 Copy session and image 25 Copy value 36 Image settings 32 36 Lock scale 42 Open images 15 Palette 23 toolbars Analysis 12 Image dir 12 Play images 11 18 Scaling 12 Standard 10 11 tools Area 28 Flying spot meter 27 Formula 29 Isotherm 26 Line 28 Spot meter 27 trademarks vi training 1 transferring result table with OLE 36 single results with OLE 35 temperature distribution data using OLE 45 temperature profile data using OLE 44 transferring IR image tutorial 25 tutorials display IR image 22 edit convert sequences 20 make single image measurements 25 measure many images 41 obtaining IR image 22 play back images 15 study temperature distributions 44 study temperature profiles 43 transferring IR image 25 typographical conventions italic 1 monospace 1 semibold 1 UPPERCASE 1 U units 36 updates software 1 Update temperatures label 24 UPPERCASE 1 using threshold 45 104 V View menu 47 Ww warranty vi Wien Wilhelm 70 Wilhelm Wien 70 William Herschel 63 Z Zoom factor label 25 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 Index Z Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 105 A note on the technical production of this manual This manual was produced using XML eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML visit the following site m http www
92. ra 2 20051 Limbiate MI ITALY Phone 39 02 99 45 10 01 Fax 39 02 99 69 24 08 E mail info flir it Web www flirthermography com JAPAN FLIR SYSTEMS Japan KK Nishi Gotanda Access 8F 3 6 20 Nishi Gotanda Shinagawa Ku Tokyo 141 0031 JAPAN Phone 81 3 6277 5681 Fax 81 3 6277 5682 E mail info flir jp Web www flirthermography com SWEDEN FLIR Systems Worldwide Thermography Center P O Box 3 SE 182 11 Danderyd SWEDEN Phone 46 0 8 753 25 00 Fax 46 0 8 753 23 64 E mail sales flir se Web www flirthermography com USA FLIR Systems Corporate headquarters 27700A SW Parkway Avenue Wilsonville OR 97070 USA Phone 1 503 498 3547 Web www flirthermography com USA Primary sales amp service contact in USA FLIR Systems USA Thermography Center 16 Esquire Road North Billerica MA 01862 USA Phone 1 978 901 8000 Fax 1 978 901 8887 E mail marketing flir com Web www flirthermography com USA FLIR Systems Indigo Operations 70 Castilian Dr Goleta CA 93117 3027 USA Phone 1 805 964 9797 Fax 1 805 685 2711 E mail sales indigosystems com Web www corebyindigo com USA FLIR Systems Indigo Operations IAS Facility 701 John Sims Parkway East Suite 2B Niceville FL 32578 USA Phone 1 850 678 4503 Fax 1 850 678 4992 E mail sales indigosystems com Web www corebyindigo com
93. rectory where the images are stored Click OK or the ENTER key once after editing this text in order to refresh the dialog box The dotted button leads to a directory browser The left half of the dialog box shows the list of images currently in use by this session The right half of the dialog box shows a list of image file names in the image directory All the files in this list are highlighted by default There is a file name filter field by which you can affect the directory listing You could for instance change img to t img to list files beginning with the letter t Click OK or the ENTER key once to refresh the list afterwards If you select the View Thumbnails option the layout of the right half of the dialog box will change drastically 16 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials 10427103 a2 m Open Images Image directory C Documents and Settings Administrator My Documents Ther E Session images mage files BAE146 IMG CAT IMG EXH_PIPE IMG FANS JPG HELICOPT IMG Cl ll HOUSES IMG Pes BAE4146 1MG ISOLATOR IMG LAMP HAL IMG Deselect LAMP SHLIMG Dessen DIL IMG Sot B IMG PLASTICFILM IMG PUMP IMG CAT IMG FANS JPG SUN CELL IMG M View Thumbnails Show name C Show date i 3 jma seq ana tw ti fff 5 S OK File name Img seqz anaz Erw C Show time Cancel Files of type All image files img seq v Figure 5 3 Open images dia
94. remove the selection by choosing Clear Markers in the Recording menu 10421703 a2 Figure 5 6 Autorewind toolbar button This button enables autorewind mode If a selection is made it will be repeated con tinuously when replayed If no selection is made or autorewind mode is set to All images the whole sequence is repeated The text field to the left shows the name of the current image in the sequence This field can be edited if you click in it You may write 18 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials A file name including the extension present in the list The number of a particular image 1 signifies the first image Arelative number 5 means five images ahead 12 means twelve images back Hit ENTER on the keyboard to finish the editing SEE ALSO For information about associated shortcut keys see section a 4 6 Shortcut keys on page 13 10421803 a2 E all 374391 8 Figure 5 7 Control buttons used when switching images These four buttons control how the program behaves when you switch from one image s to another SEE ALSO For more information about these buttons see section a 5 5 1 Making measurements in playback on page 41 5 1 3 Replay Settings dialog box If you choose Replay Settings from the Recording menu the following dialog box will appear 10421903 a1 Replay Settings Auto rewind mode C Allimages Selection only Presentation Absolute
95. reshold Let s suppose that you are not interested in the full temperature distribution of a line area just in getting to know how much of it that has been sufficiently heated or cooled Then the threshold function will suit your purpose You can associate a threshold with a line area from the Analysis tab of the IR image settings or the General tab of the Histogram window Settings and obtain the desired percentage from the Result Table window or the Histogram window if you switch on its presentation The threshold can also be displayed in the histogram bar graph Temperatures that are equal to the threshold temperature are counted as below the threshold The threshold does not have to coincide with any class limit of the histogram window 5 7 3 Transferring temperature distribution data using OLE The histogram of each line or area is available in table form if you select Histogram from the Copy Value dialog box of the Edit menu In the receiving application for example MS Excel select Edit Paste Special You can also right click inside the histogram window and select Copy When pasting choose either Text or Picture Enhanced Metafile The Text option copies the his togram table contents and the Picture option copies the entire histogram in graphical format Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 45 5 Tutorials INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 46 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December
96. roblem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values T 0 88 Tro 20 C 68 F Tam 20 C 68 F Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 79 11 The measurement formula It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure Uo 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of
97. rowse existing directories 4 5 4 Analysis toolbar The following analysis tools exist left to right amp a o 2 f Figure 4 8 Analysis toolbar From left to right Spot meter Flying spot meter Uses the mouse cursor Line with cursor Box area Circle area Polygon area Isotherm above below interval Formulas Removal tool 4 5 5 Scaling toolbar 10418503 a2 s 1025 E L ER BI Figure 4 9 Scaling toolbar From left to right 12 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 4 About the program Scale max temperature field Editable Scale min temperature field Editable Current measurement unit indicator Slider for the scale max and min temperature Drag with mouse Min is to the left Automatic adjustment of the scale to the image ON OFF Lock span ON OFF Changes apply only to the level The highlighted region in the sliders indicates the span of temperatures in the image By selecting Auto Adjust you will place the slider markers close to the ends of the highlighted area but still inside it A small part of the span is thus wasted mm 4 6 Shortcut keys Menu selections can be made from the keyboard Press Alt the key indicated on the menu line by an underscore This brings up the menu Then press the key indicated in the menu by an underscore to select that item In addition to the tool bars there are a number of shortcut keys on the keyboard by which impo
98. rtant functions can be reached Key combination Explanation ALT F4 Exit CTRL A Auto adjust image CTRL C Copy session and image CTRL D Play recorded sequence CTRL F Freeze Unfreeze image CTRL F2 Step backwards CTRL F4 Step forwards CTRL I Open disk images CTRL N New session CTRL O Open session CTRL P Print CTRL PAGE UP DOWN Changes max scale temperature CTRL R Autorewind mode on off CTRL S Save session CTRL SHIFT F2 Set selection start within sequence CTRL SHIFT F4 Set selection end within sequence Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 13 4 About the program Key combination Explanation SHIFT TAB Previous main tab TAB Next main tab EV Paste session Last disk image F2 Play backwards F3 Stop playing F4 Play forwards HOME First disk image PAGE UP DOWN Changes min scale temperature SHIFT F2 Fast backwards SHIFT F3 Stop SHIFT F4 Fast forwards 14 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials 5 1 How to play back images ThermaCAM Researcher supports the following image formats Thermovision 400 800 900 1000 AGEMA 550 570 ThermoVision Alert ThermoVision Sentry Prism DS Inframetrics 700 ThermaCAM PM 100 200 300 150 250 350 180 280 380 ThermaCAM PM 525 545 575 595 ThermaCAM SC 1000 2000 ThermaCAM
99. s To be able to make accurate measurements under such circumstances you have to use the right spectral filters 7 8 Units of measure Thermography really means making images of thermal surface property variations of objects The most natural property to measure is of course temperature which has the units Celsius Fahrenheit and Kelvin in ThermaCAM Researcher Another interesting property is the total amount of radiation emitted from the object but since the infrared camera is sensitive only to parts of the spectrum no accurate such measurement can be made Hence no standardised unit is available for radiation display Instead the non calibrated unit object signal abbreviated OS has been in 56 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 7 Thermographic measurement techniques vented Being approximately proportional to the amount of radiation sensed by the camera detector it can be used for comparative radiation measurements within the same measurement range for the same camera If you intend to use it in some other way you have to provide a calibration of your own Some measurements such as the standard deviation produce a result which best could be described as a difference temperature or difference object signal They involve a subtraction which cancels out the existing absolute level A standard devi ation of 2 5 at 25 C is the same thing as a standard deviation of 2 5 at 50 C In such cases
100. t mouse button for each new corner and double click or hit the ESC key to finish adding corners You move an area by catching it with the mouse You hold the left mouse button down inside the area and drag the whole area into the new position and release the button If you hold down the CTRL key while moving the area you create a copy of the area instead of moving it You reshape an area by catching the border or corner to be changed and dragging it along Catching and dragging a polygon area border results in adding a new corner You can remove a specific corner from a polygon area by using the analysis removal tool Areas can also be used to make local auto adjustments That means adjusting the scale of the whole image to the temperature span within that particular area It is very useful if you want to make detailed studies of some part of the image This function is only available on the right mouse button menu of the areas 5 4 5 Line tool This tool measures the minimum maximum average and standard deviation temper ature along a straight or bendable line within the image The temperature in one spot the line cursor can also be measured These values are presented in the result table or beside the line symbol in the image The line temperatures can also be graphically presented in the profile window You can obtain the following values Cursor minimum 28 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5
101. ta types are Often represents ASCII characters may represent an 2 s complement 8 bit integer 128 127 Unsigned char 8 bit integer number 0 255 Short 16 bit integer 2 s complement Unsigned short 16 bit integer Long 32 bit integer 2 s complement Unsigned long 32 bit integer Float IEEE floating point number sign 23 bit mantissa 8 bit exponent Representing numbers in the range 1038 Char lt len gt Len 8 bit ASCII character string most certainly terminated with the NUL character 0 Int 32 bit 32 bit integer 2 s complement Multiple byte data types are stored with the least significant byte first 5 4 17 1 The whole header data structure size 892 bytes typedef struct FPF IMAGE DATA T imgData FPF CAMDATA T camData FPF OBJECT PAR T objPar FPF DATETIME T datetime FPF SCALING T scaling long spareLong 32 0 FPFHEADER T Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 39 5 Tutorials 5 4 17 2 The image data structure 120 bytes typedef struct 1 char fpfID 32 FLIR Public Image Format unsigned long version 2 unsigned long pixelOffset Offset to pixel values from start of fpfID unsigned short ImageType Temperature 0 Diff Temp 2 Object Signal 4 Diff Object Signal 5 etc unsigned short pixelFormat 0 short integer 2 bytes 1 long integer 4 bytes 2 float 4 bytes 3 doub
102. the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 71 10 Theory of thermography 10327203 a4 10 104 10 Figure 10 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um 10 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance Wy of a blackbody W b oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to max is only 25 of the total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum 72 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 10 Theory of thermography 10399303 a1 Figure 10 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann for
103. the reference temperature is displayed on the first line in the Temp column Results affected by the reference temperature are displayed on two lines one line subtracted by the reference temperature and the other one as usual The expression and result columns present formulas and the result values 5 4 10 2 Position tab This tab shows the coordinates for spots lines and areas All coordinates are relative to the IR image top left corner For a polygon area the coordinates are those of a circumscribed rectangle 34 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials 10424203 a1 V6 Analysis Position 5 Obj Par Image EF Text comment Label Pos X1 Pos Y1 Pos X2 Pos Y2 SPOL 120 31 SPO2 206 96 LIO1 43 89 235 57 AROL 148 116 251 158 Figure 5 26 Position tab of the result table 5 4 10 3 Object parameter tab The IR image object parameters are always displayed according to the settings dialog box Analysis symbols having their own object parameters are also shown Their labels are marked with an asterisk 10424303 a2 96 Analysis iz Position J Obj Par je Image Text comment Label Emis Distance Refl Temp Atm Temp Atm Trans Hum Ext Opt Temp Ext Image 1 00 05m 240 240 0 99 50 24 0 Figure 5 27 Object parameter tab of the result table 5 4 10 4 Image tab The image tab shows IR image data From the settings dialog box select a set of data to be shown
104. the same time Isotherm limits cannot exist outside the maximum or minimum temperatures of the scale Hence they will follow the scale limits if the span of the scale is reduced You can use two isotherms with different colors at the same time The temperature values of the isotherm are shown in the result table window or through OLE You can obtain the following values Temperature width interval isotherm only and temperature relative to the reference temperature The temperature value given for the interval isotherm is that of the upper limit The isotherm always uses the object parameters of the IR image 5 4 2 Spot meter tool This tool measures the temperature in one spot on the image and shows the result in the result table or beside its symbol in the IR image You can obtain the following values Temperature temperature relative to the reference temperature emissivity object distance and the image co ordinates of the spot meter Spot meters are called SP01 SP02 SP99 You create a spot meter by first clicking on the spot meter toolbar button and then on the desired position in the image You move a spot meter by catching it with the mouse You click the left mouse button on top of the cross hair and drag it into the place you want The spot meter will then jump to that position 5 4 3 Flying spot meter This tool only measures the temperature at the mouse cursor and displays it beside the cursor in a tool tip window
105. time C Time relative to first image Image number Trig count Figure 5 8 Replay settings dialog box Auto rewind mode In rewind mode you can chose between repeating the whole sequence or just the marked part Presentation What is presented on the play images toolbar Absolute time shows the actual recording time Time relative to first image shows the time difference of the current image compared to the first image If the current image is recorded earlier than the first image HHHHHH EF is shown instead Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 19 5 Tutorials Image number shows the image ordinal number Trig count shows the external trig count stored in the image 5 2 How to edit convert sequences It will happen now and then that you would like to extract the essential part of a se quence and or convert it to some other image format such as AVI or BMP To edit a sequence of images open it with the Open Images dialog box and use the Selection Start Selection End buttons on the Play Images toolbar to mark some images Step to the first image you intend to edit and click the left one of the buttons then step to the last image to edit and click the right one A blue ribbon will be shown in the image slider control 10422003 a1 Figure 5 9 Selection buttons for parts of images 5 2 1 Removing Copying all selected images Having selected some images you can choose Remove Selection fro
106. ts temperature and the temperature value is well above or below the ambient temperature Put for instance a box area on the object for which you know the temperature Select Emissivity Calculation from the right mouse button menu of the area Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 33 5 Tutorials Enter the known temperature and click on Calculate to view the new emissivity Click OK to accept and apply the new emissivity to the area 10427703 a1 Emissivity calculation ARO1 x Old emissivity New emissivity Shown temperature 17 4 Known temperature 17 4 OK Cancel Figure 5 24 Emissivity calculation dialog box 5 4 10 Result table window The result table presents measurement data from the IR image and from the analysis symbols You can switch on off the presentation of specific values from the settings dialog box reached by the right hand mouse button of the mouse 5 4 10 1 Analysis tab 10424103 a1 6 Analysis f Position 5 Obj Par Image EX Text comment Label Value C Min Max Max Min Avg Stdev Result Expression Image 32 0 105 6 73 6 SP01 65 5 SP02 102 6 LIO1 36 3 100 6 64 3 73 0 17 6 ARO1 60 5 101 5 41 0 83 7 10 1 Figure 5 25 Analysis tab of the result table Analysis symbols having their own object parameters have their labels marked with an asterisk If the difference temperature option is available and selected in the settings dialog box then
107. turbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibil ity to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output 10400503 a1 1 Wien 1 T Wien 1 1 Watm 1 Tam Tren fre 1 o Figure 11 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume thatthe received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature T source ON short distance generates a camera output signal Us ource that is proportional to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 77 11 The measurement formula U CW source Tara or with simplified notation U ource CW source source where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance the received radiation would consequently be W ource We are now rea
108. ty 0 1 float objectDistance Meters float ambTemp Reflected temperature in Kelvin float atmTemp Atmospheric temperature in Kelvin float relHum 0 1 float compuTao Computed atmospheric transmission float estimTao Estimated atmospheric transmission 40 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials float refTemp Reference temperature in Kelvin float extOptTemp Kelvin float extOptTrans 0 1 long spareLong 16 0 FPF OBJECT PAR T 5 4 17 5 The date and time data structure 92 bytes typedef struct int Year int Month int Day int Hour int Minute int Second int MilliSecond long spareLong 16 0 FPF DATETIME T 5 4 17 6 The scaling data structure 88 bytes typedef struct 1 float tMinCam Camera scale min in current output float tMaxCam Camera scale max float tMinCalc Calculated min almost true min float tMaxCalc Calculated max almost true max float tMinScale Scale min float tMaxScale Scale max long spareLong 16 0 FPF SCALING T 5 4 18 Studying parts of images If one part of the image is particularly interesting you can put any kind of area around it and save its temperatures in a text file that MS Excel can read csv format This command is called Save area as and is available in the Image menu 5 5 How to measure m
109. ty Computed atm transmission Estimated atm Transmission Reference Temperature XXXX ObjectParam 1 8 XXXX ObjectParam 1 9 External optics temperature XXXX ObjectParam 1 10 External optics transmission XXXX Scaling 1 1 Blackbody range min XXXX Scaling 1 2 Blackbody range max XXXX Scaling 1 3 Type of output E 0 temperature 2 difference temperature 4 object signal 5 difference object signal XXXX Scaling 1 4 XXXX Scaling 1 5 XXXX Scaling 1 6 XXXX Scaling 1 7 XXXX Scaling 1 8 XXXX Scaling 1 9 XXXX FrameInfo 1 1 XXXX FrameInfo 1 2 38 Camera scale min Camera scale max Calculated scale Calculated scale Actual scale min Actual scale max Image number Trig count min max Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials 5 4 17 FLIR Public image format The xxxx fpf files consist of a header followed by a matrix of single precision IEEE floating point values each representing one point of the image A C style description of the header layout can be found in the header file fpfimg h available in the Examples sub directory of the installation The current version of the format is 2 in which The xSize ySize and ImageType fields are properly set The spare fields are zeroized The image point values are stored starting from the top left and row by row FPF images can only be saved by ThermaCAM Researcher not read s The basic da
110. u The program can only show one image at a time On the image the analysis tools are displayed The results of the analysis tools can be displayed in the histogram profile result table window Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 9 4 About the program The main layout of the program is pretty much like any other Windows program On the top line of the program window there is a title containing a session name the image directory and the three buttons minimise maximise and close from left to right The same functions are available on the right mouse button menu of the top line Below the top line there is a set of drop down menus by which you can select func tions related to session image filing File the clipboard Edit the screen layout View the display and analysis of the image Image and the playback of images Recording There is also a large number of toolbar buttons There are toolbar buttons for almost every function of the program Every toolbar button has a short yellow description that will pop up if you hold the mouse cursor still for a while on top of it The toolbars are normally docked to the borders of the program window but can be undocked and placed anywhere on the screen Just double click on them At the bottom of the program window on the status line a more detailed description of the menu items and tool bar buttons will be shown while you sweep through menus an
111. ure relatively close to that of the ambient it will be very importantto set and compensate for the reflected temperature correctly 7 5 Atmospheric temperature humidity and distance These parameters are used to correct for the fact that radiation is being absorbed in the atmosphere between the object and the camera and the fact that transmittance drops with distance If the humidity of the air is high the distance very long and the object temperature relatively close to that of the atmosphere it will be important to set and compensate for the atmosphere correctly The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera The transmittance is heavily dependent on the relative humidity of the air To compen sate for this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances of air with normal humidity the relative humidity can usually be left at a default value of 50 926 If you have a better estimate of the properties of the atmosphere than the built in model has you can enter your estimated transmission value instead Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 55 7 Thermographic measurement techniques To avoid applying this type of compensation please set the estimated transmission to 1 0 7 6 External optics transmission and temperature Sometimes the radiation from the object also has to pass through some optical ac cessory such as a heat shield or a macr
112. ures just by comparing the colors with those of the temperature scale By choosing a suitable scale and palette such things can be made to appear quite clearly This chapter will however be devoted to something else how to use the analysis tools to get numerical temperatures and statistical information out of a single image The analysis tools will show their results in the result table profile or histogram window or directly inside the IR image Results are also available through the OLE functions such as Copy Value Both absolute measurements i e the result is a real temperature and relative mea surements i e the result is a difference temperature can be made The relative measurements are made relative to the reference temperature that you can enter in the dialog box Image Settings in the Image menu the Object Parameters tab The analysis tools are applied by activation of one toolbar button at a time These are in this toolbar al a o a afte x Figure 5 19 Analysis toolbar buttons When you click on one of these buttons except the formula button it will stay de pressed until you have dragged the analysis tool inside the IR image or the color scale If you change your mind click on the button again and it will pop up If you hold the CRTL button of the keyboard down while placing the tool on the image the button will stay down and you will be able to continue adding another tool of the same kind The rem
113. utton menu 3 2 Where do the installed files go On all Windows systems the installation program builds a new directory tree normally at C Program Files ThermaCAM Researcher containing the following files ThermaCAM Researchen Executable files help file Mmages Sample image files Palettes Palette files scale color definitions The installation also adds some executable files into the main Windows directories On Windows 2000 and Windows XP which are multi user systems only administrator users may create and update files in the common Program Files directory Ordinary users are not permitted to do that Ordinary users have a place of their own where they can keep the data files of their programs It is called My Documents Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 3 Installation On Windows 2000 and Windows XP the Ilmages and Palettes files are copied to a ThermaCAM Researcher subdirectory of the My Documents directory of each user when he or she starts to use the software Then each user easily can modify them separately NOTE These My Document files are not removed when you remove the program 6 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 4 About the program 4 1 Basic principles for ThermaCAM Researcher The main purpose of this program is to view measure and analyse IR images se quences and thermal events residing on the computer har
114. ventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be devel oped during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure communications and flying torpedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At first the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military interest in the image conv
115. w enter the expression of the formula You may either type in the expression using the keyboard or use the buttons in the dialog box When you click on any of the buttons the corresponding operator will be inserted into the expression Following are the operators that can be used Operator button Operator A Plus operator 2 Minus operator Division operator 2 Multiplication operator 30 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 5 Tutorials Power operator Parentheses used for grouping If you want to use other mathematical operators such as sinus select the appropriate function by clicking the Math button Following are the functions that can be used Function name Function Arccosine Arcsine Arctangent Cosinus Natural logarithm Base 10 Llogarithm Sinus Square root Tangent Typically your formula will contain references to other sources of data such as measurement functions of IR images To select a data source click the Connect button A dialog box will appear Select the Object and Value and click OK This will insert a reference address into your expression The address will be substituted with the actual value when the formula is used For the example above with the spot and area items you would do the following to add a formula that is defined as the subtraction of the spot temperature and the area s average temperature
116. y dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 Aluminum dipped in HNO3 100 T 0 05 plate Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 Aluminum polished 50 100 T 0 04 0 06 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 Aluminum polished plate 100 P 0 05 Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 1Oum 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 iI 0 06 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder ln 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 84 Publ No 1 558 072 Rev a196 ENGLISH EN December 21 2006 12 Emissivity tables Aluminum oxide pure powder alu T 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400 T 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 Ji 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 20

User`s manual ThermaCAM™ Researcher

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User`s manual ThermaCAM™ Researcher